Illumination Device for Direct-Indirect Illumination

ABSTRACT

An illumination device includes a plurality of light-emitting elements (LEEs); a light guide extending in a forward direction from a first end to a second end to receive at the first end light emitted by the LEEs and to guide the received light to the second end; an optical extractor optically coupled to the second end to receive the guided light, the optical extractor including a redirecting surface to reflect a first portion of the guided light, the reflected light being output by the optical extractor in a backward angular range, and the redirecting surface having one or more transmissive portions to transmit a second portion of the guided light in the forward direction; and one or more optical elements optically coupled to the transmissive portions, the optical elements to modify the light transmitted through the transmissive portions and to output the modified light in a forward angular range.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to solid state-basedillumination devices, for example to illumination devices including (i)an optical extractor with a redirecting surface having transmissiveportions that transmit guided light incident thereon and (ii) opticalelements coupled to the transmissive portions to modify a spectral orintensity distribution of the transmitted light.

BACKGROUND

Light sources are used in a variety of applications, such as providinggeneral illumination and providing light for electronic displays (e.g.,LCDs). Historically, incandescent light sources have been widely usedfor general illumination purposes. Incandescent light sources producelight by heating a filament wire to a high temperature until it glows.The hot filament is protected from oxidation in the air with a glassenclosure that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. Incandescent lightsources are gradually being replaced in many applications by other typesof electric lights, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps(CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity dischargelamps, and solid state light sources, such as light-emitting diodes(LEDs).

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates to illumination devices that include (i)an optical extractor with a redirecting surface having transmissiveportions that transmit guided light incident thereon and (ii) opticalelements coupled to the transmissive portions to modify a spectral orintensity distribution of the transmitted light.

In general, innovative aspects of the technologies described herein canbe implemented in an illumination device that includes one or more ofthe following aspects:

In a first aspect, an illumination device includes a plurality oflight-emitting elements (LEEs); a light guide extending in a forwarddirection from a first end of the light guide to a second end of thelight guide, the light guide being positioned to receive at the firstend light emitted by the LEEs and configured to guide the received lightto the second end; an optical extractor optically coupled to the lightguide at the second end to receive the guided light, the opticalextractor including a redirecting surface to reflect a first portion ofthe guided light, where the reflected light is output by the opticalextractor to the ambient environment in a backward angular range, andwhere the redirecting surface has one or more transmissive portions totransmit a second portion of the guided light in the forward direction;and one or more optical elements optically coupled to the one or moretransmissive portions of the redirecting surface, the one or moreoptical elements to modify the light transmitted through thetransmissive portions and to output the modified light to the ambientenvironment in a forward angular range.

In a second aspect, an illumination device includes a plurality oflight-emitting elements (LEEs); one or more optical couplers extendingin a forward direction, the optical couplers positioned to receive lightemitted by the LEEs and configured to collimate the received light suchthat the collimated light provided by the one or more optical couplershas a first divergence; an optical extractor spaced apart from the oneor more optical couplers at a first distance, the optical extractorincluding a redirecting surface to reflect a first portion of thecollimated light to the ambient environment in a backward angular range,where the redirecting surface has one or more transmissive portions totransmit a second portion of the collimated light in the forwarddirection; and one or more optical elements optically coupled to the oneor more transmissive portions of the redirecting surface, the one ormore optical elements to modify the light transmitted through thetransmissive portions and to output the modified light to the ambientenvironment in a forward angular range.

The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one ormore of the following features, alone or in combination. In someimplementations, the light transmitted through the transmissive portionshas a first spectral distribution, and the one or more optical elementscan include inelastic scattering elements configured to modify the firstspectral distribution of the transmitted light such that the outputmodified light has a second spectral distribution different from thefirst spectral distribution. Here, the second spectral distribution canhave a larger weight at longer wavelengths than the first spectraldistribution.

In some implementations, the one or more optical elements can includeelastic scattering elements. In some implementations, the one or moreoptical elements can include lenses.

In some implementations, the transmissive portions of the redirectingsurface can be arranged perpendicular to the forward direction, and theoptical elements can be identical, such that each optical elementmodifies a propagation direction and a divergence of the output modifiedlight in the same manner. In some implementations, the transmissiveportions of the redirecting surface can be arranged perpendicular to theforward direction, and the optical elements can be different from eachother, such that each optical element modifies at least an associatedpropagation direction or an associated divergence of the output modifiedlight in a different manner relative to adjacent optical elements.

In some implementations, the redirecting surface can be coated with afilm of reflective material, and the transmissive portions of theredirecting surface can be apertures in the film of reflective material.Here, the one or more optical elements can be at least partiallyrecessed into the one or more apertures.

In some implementations, the one or more optical elements can bedisposed adjacent the one or more transmissive portions of theredirecting surface. In some implementations, the redirecting surfacecan reflect the first portion of the guided light via TIR and the one ormore optical elements are configured to frustrate TIR to form thetransmissive portions. In either of these implementations, thecorresponding one or more optical elements can be bonded to thetransmissive portions of the redirecting surface.

In some implementations, the optical extractor can include a curvedoutput surface arranged to transmit the light reflected by theredirecting surface to the ambient in the backward angular range. Here,the redirecting surface reflects the first portion of the guided orcollimated light in a first angular range having a direction with acomponent antiparallel to the forward direction and a first componentorthogonal to the forward direction. Further, a second portion of theredirecting surface is arranged and shaped to reflect guided orcollimated light in a second angular range having a direction with acomponent antiparallel to the forward direction and antiparallel to thefirst component of the first angular range. In some of the above cases,the optical extractor further includes a second curved output surface totransmit the light reflected by the second portion of the redirectingsurface to the ambient environment in another backward angular range.Also, the transmissive portions of the redirecting surface can bedistributed perpendicular to the direction of the first angular range.

In some implementations, the light guide and the optical extractor canbe bonded together or integrally formed. In some implementations, thelight guide and/or the optical extractor can be formed from atransparent, solid material. In some implementations, the light guidecan be configured to guide the received light to the second end viatotal internal reflection (TIR). In some implementations, the disclosedluminaire module can include one or more optical couplers. Here, thelight provided by the LEEs is in an emission angular range, and theoptical couplers are arranged to receive the light provided by the LEEsand redirect it to the first end of the light guide where it has acollimated angular range. Moreover, a numerical aperture of the lightguide can be such that the light received from the optical couplers inthe collimated angular range can be guided by the light guide throughTIR. In some implementations, the light guide can have two parallel sidesurfaces.

In some implementations, a combination of the first divergence and thefirst distance is configured such that the optical extractor receivesall the collimated light. In some implementations, each of the one ormore couplers can have a side surface extending between and inputaperture and an exit aperture, and is configured to collimate thereceived light via TIR at the side surface.

In some implementations, the disclosed luminaire module can extendorthogonally to the forward direction. Here, the LEEs can be arrangedorthogonally to the forward direction. In some implementations, the LEEscan be LEDs that emit white light.

In a third aspect, an illumination device includes a plurality oflight-emitting elements (LEEs); a light guide extending in a forwarddirection from a first end of the light guide to a second end of thelight guide, the light guide being positioned to receive at the firstend light emitted by the LEEs and configured to guide the received lightto the second end via total internal reflection (TIR); an opticalextractor optically coupled to the light guide at the second end toreceive the guided light, the optical extractor being formed from atransparent, solid material and including (i) a first set of reflectivesurfaces to reflect a first portion of the guided light, (ii) a firstset of transmissive surfaces to transmit a second portion of the guidedlight to an ambient environment in the forward direction, the reflectivesurfaces being separated by the transmissive surfaces, and (iii) acurved output surface arranged to transmit the light reflected by thereflective surfaces to the ambient environment in a backward direction.Here, the transmissive surfaces are shaped such that each transmissivesurface modifies at least an associated propagation direction or anassociated divergence of the forward transmitted light in a differentmanner relative to adjacent transmissive surfaces.

The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one ormore of the following features, alone or in combination. In someimplementations, the reflective surfaces are portions of an interfacebetween the optical extractor and the ambient environment that can becoated with a film of reflective material, and the transmissive surfacesare remaining portions of the interface between the optical extractorand the ambient environment that are uncoated.

In some implementations, at least one of the transmissive surfaces canbe flat. In some implementations, at least one of the transmissivesurfaces can be curved. In some implementations, adjacent transmissiveand reflective surfaces can intersect with common surface slope.

In some implementations, the first set of reflective surfaces canreflect guided light in a first angular range with a componentantiparallel to the forward direction and a first component orthogonalto the forward direction. Here, the optical extractor further caninclude a second set of reflective surfaces to reflect guided light in asecond angular range with a component antiparallel to the forwarddirection and antiparallel to the first component of the first angularrange, and the optical extractor further includes a second curved outputsurface to transmit the light reflected by the second set of reflectivesurfaces to the ambient environment in another backward angular range.In either of these implementations the transmissive surfaces can bedistributed laterally perpendicular to the direction of the firstangular range.

In some implementations, the light guide and the optical extractor canbe bonded together or integrally formed. In some implementations, thedisclosed luminaire module further can include one or more opticalcouplers. Here, the light provided by the LEEs is in an emission angularrange, the optical couplers are arranged to receive the light providedby the LEEs and redirect it to the first end of the light guide acollimated angular range, and a numerical aperture of the light guide issuch that the light received from the optical couplers in the collimatedangular range can be guided by the light guide through TIR.

In some implementations, the light guide has two parallel side surfaces.In some implementations, the disclosed luminaire module can extendorthogonally to the forward direction. Here, the LEEs can be arrangedorthogonally to the forward direction. In some implementations, the LEEscan be LEDs that emit white light.

The details of one or more implementations of the technologies describedherein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the descriptionbelow. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosedtechnologies will become apparent from the description, the drawings,and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a diagrammatic representation of an illumination devicethat includes an optical extractor with a redirecting surface havinglight transmitting portions and optical elements coupled with the lighttransmitting portions to modify the transmitted light.

FIG. 1B shows examples of transmitting portions of the redirectingsurface of the illumination device shown in FIG. 1A.

FIGS. 1C-1E show aspects of near-field intensity distributions of theillumination device shown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1F is a far-field intensity profile of the illumination deviceshown in FIG. 1A.

FIGS. 2A-2J show aspects of luminaire modules that include an opticalextractor with a redirecting surface having light transmitting portionswithout optical elements coupled with the light transmitting portions tomodify the transmitted light.

FIGS. 3A-3D show aspects of a light guide luminaire module that includesan optical extractor with a redirecting surface having lighttransmitting portions and optical elements coupled with the lighttransmitting portions to modify a spectral distribution of thetransmitted light.

FIGS. 4A-4B show aspects of a light guide luminaire module that includesan optical extractor with a redirecting surface having lighttransmitting portions and optical elements coupled with the lighttransmitting portions to modify an intensity distribution of thetransmitted light.

FIG. 5 shows a light guide luminaire module that includes an opticalextractor with a redirecting surface having light transmitting portionsshaped such that each transmissive surface modifies at least anassociated propagation direction or an associated divergence of theforward transmitted light in a different manner relative to adjacenttransmissive surfaces.

Reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicateexemplary aspects, implementations of particular features of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to illumination devices for providingdirect and/or indirect illumination. The disclosed illumination devicescan efficiently guide and distribute light emitted by solid-state lightsources towards work surfaces and/or towards background regions. Variousluminous surfaces of the disclosed illumination devices and theirrespective intensity vectors can be manipulated within an illuminatedenvironment to provide good utility of the light distribution output bythe disclosed illumination devices. The present technology can harnessthe collective output of a plurality of solid-state light sources andcreate a virtual light source with unique properties that can result incompact luminaires with a small physical footprint relative to theilluminated environment.

Here, the light from the solid-state light sources is received at anoptical extractor with a redirecting surface having transmissiveportions that transmit guided light incident thereon. The redirectingsurface reflects the guided light incident outside the transmissiveportions, such that the light reflected by the redirecting surface isdirected towards the background regions. The light transmitted throughthe transmissive portions is modified by optical elements coupled to thetransmissive portions, such that a spectral or intensity distribution ofthe modified light is different from the corresponding distribution ofthe guided light. Moreover, the light modified in this manner isdirected towards the work surfaces.

(i) Illumination Device that includes an Optical Extractor with aRedirecting Surface having Light Transmitting Portions and OpticalElements Coupled with the Light Transmitting Portions to Modify theTransmitted Light

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an illumination device 100 thatincludes an optical extractor 140 with a redirecting surface 143 havinglight transmitting portions and optical elements 144 coupled with thelight transmitting portions to modify the transmitted light. In someimplementations, the illumination device 100 further includes asubstrate 105, one or more light emitting elements (LEEs) 110 and alight guide 130. Here, the light guide 130 guides the light provided bythe LEEs 110 along a length D (e.g., along the z-axis of the Cartesianreference system shown in FIG. 1A.) In some implementations, theluminaire module 100 further includes the substrate 105, the LEE(s) 110and one or more optical couplers 120, such that the optical extractor140 is spaced apart from the optical coupler(s) 120 by a distance D(e.g., along the z-axis) and receives the light provided by the opticalcoupler(s) 120. In some implementations, the illumination device 100includes the substrate 105, the LEE(s) 110, the optical coupler(s) 120and the light guide 130, such that the light guide 130 is coupled at itsinput end to the optical coupler(s) 120 and at its output end to theoptical extractor 140. The illumination device 100 may also be referredto as a luminaire module.

In general, a LEE, also referred to as a light emitter, is a device thatcan emit radiation in one or more regions of the electromagneticspectrum from among the visible region, the infrared region and/or theand ultraviolet region, when activated. Activation of a LEE can beachieved by applying a potential difference across components of the LEEor passing a current through components of the LEE, for example. A LEEcan have monochromatic, quasi-monochromatic, polychromatic or broadbandspectral emission characteristics. Examples of LEEs includesemiconductor, organic, polymer/polymeric light-emitting diodes, othermonochromatic, quasi-monochromatic or other light-emitting elements. Insome implementations, a LEE is a specific device that emits theradiation, for example a LED die. In other implementations, the LEEincludes a combination of the specific device that emits the radiation(e.g., a LED die) together with a housing or package within which thespecific device or devices are placed. Examples of LEEs include alsolasers and more specifically semiconductor lasers, such as verticalcavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and edge emitting lasers.Further examples of LEEs include superluminescent diodes and othersuperluminescent devices.

During operation, the LEEs 110 provide light within a first angularrange 115. Such light can have a Lambertian distribution relative to theoptical axes of the one or more LEEs 110 (e.g., the z-axis.) As usedherein, providing light in an “angular range” refers to providing lightthat propagates in one or more prevalent directions in which each has adivergence with respect to the corresponding prevalent direction. Inthis context, the term “prevalent direction of propagation” can refer toa direction along which a portion of an intensity distribution of thepropagating light has a maximum, a mean, a median or other defineddirection. For example, the prevalent direction of propagationassociated with the angular range can be an orientation of a lobe of theintensity distribution. (See, e.g., FIG. 1F.) Also in this context, theterm “divergence” refers to a solid angle outside of which the intensitydistribution of the propagating light drops below a predefined fractionof a maximum of the intensity distribution. For example, the divergenceassociated with the angular range can be the width of the lobe of theintensity distribution. The predefined fraction can be 10%, 5%, 1%, orother values, depending on the lighting application.

In implementations in which the light guide 130 is part of the luminairemodule 100, the light guide 130 can be made from a solid, transparentmaterial. Here, the light guide 130 is arranged to receive the lightprovided by the LEEs 110 at one end of the light guide 130 and to guidethe received light in a forward direction, e.g., along the z-axis, fromthe receiving end to an opposing end of the light guide 130. Here, thedistance D between the receiving end of the light guide 130 and itsopposing end can be 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 cm, for instance. A combinationof (i) an angular range in which the light is received by the lightguide 130 at the receiving end and (ii) a numerical aperture of thelight guide 130 is configured such that the received light is guidedfrom the receiving end to the opposing end through reflection off oflight guide side surfaces 132 a, 132 b of the light guide 130. Dependingon the implementation, at least some, if not all, of this reflection isvia total internal reflection (TIR). In some implementations, thenumerical aperture of the light guide 130 is such that all lightprovided by the LEEs 110 in the angular range 115 can be injecteddirectly into the light guide 130 at its receiving end.

In the implementations in which the one or more optical couplers 120 arepart of the luminaire module 100, the one or more optical couplers 120receive the light from the LEEs 110 within the first angular range 115and collimate the received light within a second angular range 125 inthe forward direction. The one or more optical couplers 120 are shapedto transform the first angular range 115 into the second angular range125 via total internal reflection, specular reflection or both. As such,the one or more optical couplers 120 can include a solid transparentmaterial for propagating light from an input end to an output end ofeach of the one or more optical couplers 120. Here, the divergence ofthe second angular range 125 is smaller than the divergence of the firstangular range 115. As such, in implementations in which the light guide130 is not part of the luminaire module 100, a combination of thedivergence of the second angular range 125 and the distance D thatseparates the optical extractor 140 from the optical coupler(s) 120 isselected such that all collimated light provided by the opticalcoupler(s) 120 in the angular range 125 impinges on the opticalextractor 140. Additionally, in implementations in which the light guide130 also is part of the luminaire module 100, the divergence of thesecond angular range 125 is selected such that all light provided by thecoupler(s) 120 in the angular range 125 can be injected into the lightguide 130 at its receiving end.

One or more of the light guide side surfaces 132 a, 132 b can be planar,curved or otherwise shaped. The light guide side surfaces 132 a, 132 bcan be parallel or non-parallel. In embodiments with non-parallel lightguide side surfaces 132 a, 132 b, a third angular range 135 of theguided light at the opposing end of the light guide 130 is differentthan the angular range 115 (when the light guide 130 receives the lightdirectly from the LEEs 110) or 125 (when the light guide 130 receivesthe light from the couplers 120) of the light received at the receivingend. Here, the light guide side surfaces 132 a, 132 b can be opticallysmooth to allow for the guided light to propagate forward (e.g., in thepositive direction of the z-axis) inside the light guide 130 throughTIR. In this case, the light guide side surfaces 132 a, 132 b are shapedand arranged with respect to the z-axis and each other such that theguided light impinges on the light guide side surfaces 132 a, 132 b atincident angles larger than a critical angle over the entire distance D,from the input end to the output end of the light guide 130. Inembodiments with parallel light guide side surfaces 132 a, 132 b,whether the light guide 130 is solid or hollow, the third angular range135 of the guided light at the opposing end of the light guide 130 hasat least substantially the same divergence as the angular range 115(when the light guide 130 receives the light directly from the LEEs 110)or 125 (when the light guide 130 receives the light directly from thecouplers 120) of the light received at the receiving end.

Additionally, in implementations in which the light guide 130 is part ofthe luminaire module 100, the length D of the light guide 130 (along thez-axis), a width L of the light guide 130 (along the y-axis) and athickness T of the light guide 130 (along the x-axis) are designed tohomogenize the light emitted by the discrete LEEs 110—which aredistributed along the y-axis—as it is guided from the receiving end tothe opposing end of the light guide 130. In this manner, thehomogenizing of the emitted light—as it is guided through the lightguide 130—causes a change of a discrete profile along the y-axis of thefirst angular range 115 (when the light guide 130 receives the lightdirectly from the LEEs 110) or the second angular range 125 (when thelight guide 130 receives the light from the couplers 120) to acontinuous profile along the y-axis of the third angular range 135 inwhich the discrete profile is partially or fully blurred.

Moreover, in implementations in which the one or more optical couplers120 are part of the luminaire module 100 and the light guide 130 is not,the separation D (along the z-axis) between the optical coupler(s) 120and the optical extractor 140, a width L of the optical extractor 140(along the y-axis) and a thickness T the optical extractor 140 (alongthe x-axis) are designed to homogenize the light emitted by the discreteLEEs 110—which are distributed along the y-axis—as it is firstcollimated by the optical coupler(s) 120 and then directed from theoptical coupler(s) 120 over the distance D to the optical coupler 140.In this manner, the homogenizing of the emitted/collimated light—as itpropagates over the distance D from the optical coupler(s) 120 to theoptical extractor 140—causes a change of a discrete profile along they-axis of the second angular range 125 of the collimated light to acontinuous profile along the y-axis of the third angular range 135 inwhich the discrete profile is partially or fully blurred.

Here, the optical extractor 140 includes a redirecting surface 143 withlight transmitting portions. The redirecting surface 143 is arranged andconfigured to reflect some of the collimated light received from theoptical couplers 120 (for embodiments of the illumination device 100without a light guide 130) or some of the guided light received from thelight guide 130 (for embodiments of the illumination device 100 with alight guide 130). The redirecting surface 143 is formed from areflecting coating that includes one or more metal layers, such as,e.g., Ag, Au, Al, or dielectric layers. The light transmitting portionsof the redirecting surface 143, also referred to as transmissiveportions of the redirecting surface 143, represent voids of or openingsin the reflecting coating of the redirecting surface 143. In thismanner, the transmissive portions transmit substantially all lightimpinging thereon, except for a small fraction of the impinging light,e.g., 4% or less, that is reflected via Fresnel reflection.

The optical extractor also includes optical elements 144 that areoptically coupled with the light transmitting portions of theredirecting surface 143 to modify the transmitted light. The foregoingoptical elements 144 are also referred to as light modifying elements144. In some implementations, the light modifying elements 144 areconfigured to modify a spectral distribution of the light transmittedthrough the transmissive portions of the redirecting surface 143. Here,the light modifying elements 144 include inelastic scattering centerssuch that the modified light provided by the light modifying elements144 of the optical extractor 140 has a spectral distribution differentfrom a spectral distribution of the guided light provided by the lightguide 130 (for embodiments of the illumination device 100 with a lightguide 130) or the collimated light provided by the optical coupler(s)120 (for embodiments of the illumination device 100 without a lightguide 130). In some implementations, the light modifying elements 144are configured to modify an intensity distribution of the lighttransmitted through the transmissive portions of the redirecting surface143. Here, the light modifying elements 144 can be elastic scatteringoptics or refractive optics (e.g., lenses, micro-lenses, etc.) such thatthe modified light provided by the light modifying elements 144 of theoptical extractor 140 has an intensity distribution different from anintensity distribution of the guided light provided by the light guide130 (for embodiments of the illumination device 100 with a light guide130) or the collimated light provided by the optical coupler(s) 120 (forembodiments of the illumination device 100 without a light guide 130).

Furthermore, the optical extractor 140 can output into the ambientenvironment light reflected by the redirecting surface 143 in one ormore backward angular ranges. As such, at least some of the lightreflected by the redirecting surface 143 is output by the extractor 140within a first output angular range 145′. The first output angular range145′ can be substantially continuous along the y-axis and has a firstoutput propagation direction with a component along a backward direction(or opposite to the forward direction, e.g., antiparallel to thez-axis.) Additionally, the light modified by the light modifyingelements 144 coupled with the transmissive portions of the redirectingsurface 143 is output by the optical extractor 140 within a secondoutput angular range 145′″. The second output angular range 145′″ can besubstantially continuous along the y-axis and has a second outputpropagation direction with a component along the forward direction(e.g., along the z-axis.) In some implementations, some of the lightreflected by the redirecting surface 143 can be output by the extractor140 within a third output angular range 145″. The third output angularrange 145″ can be substantially continuous along the y-axis and has athird output propagation direction with a component along the backwarddirection. In this case, the first output propagation direction and thethird output propagation direction have respective components orthogonalto the forward direction that are opposite (antiparallel) to each other(antiparallel and parallel to the x-axis.)

FIG. 1B is a sectional view—through an (x-y) projection of theredirecting surface 143 of an optical extractor 140′—that shows avariety of different shapes and sizes of transmissive portions (e.g.,voids or openings in the reflective coating) of the redirecting surface143. FIG. 1C is a sectional view A-A′ (in the x-z plane) of anembodiment (elongated along the y-axis) of the disclosed luminairemodule 100 that includes the light guide 130 and the optical extractor140′. Here, the optical extractor 140′ has a v-groove shaped redirectingsurface 143 (with an apex 141) and corresponding curved outputsurface(s) 146 facing the redirecting surface 143. Referring again toFIG. 1B, the apex 141 of the redirecting surface 143 and theintersection(s) of the redirecting surface 143 with the curved outputsurface(s) 146 are represented in full-lines along the y-axis. Also, afootprint of the light guide 130 is represented in dashed-lines alongthe y-axis.

The properties of the voids or openings in the redirecting surface 143can be varied significantly across the redirecting surface 143 as neededto provide for specific quantities and directional capabilities of thelight transmitted through these transmissive portions of the redirectingsurface 143. For instance, the redirecting surface 143 can havetransmissive portions 1435 with a convex contour with an aspect ratioclose to 1; transmissive portions 1435′ with a convex contour with anaspect ratio >>1 (or <<1); transmissive portions 1435″ with a concavecontour; point-like (“0-dimentional”) transmissive portions 1435′;curve-like (“1-dimentional”) transmissive portions 1435″″, and the like.Such transmissive portions can be distributed in many different waysalong the redirecting surface 143 of the extractor 140 to provide adesired quantity and/or aesthetic appearance of the light transmittedthrough the transmissive portions or to support limitations of aparticular manufacturing method of the transmissive portions. Somemanufacturing methods include laser drilling, direct printing,lithography methods including etching or other methods such that apattern of voids can be produced in the reflective coating of theredirecting surface 143 of the extractor 140 that will allow a portionof the light reaching the redirecting surface 143 of the extractor 140to be transmitted to the modifying optical elements 144 coupled thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 1C, a set of N transmissive portions 1435 of theredirecting surface 143 are distributed along an x′-axis extending overa distance “1” from the intersection of the redirecting surface 143 withthe curved output surface 146 (at x′=0) to the vertex 141 of theredirecting surface 143 (at x′=1). Additionally, N light modifyingelements 144 are optically coupled with the transmissive portions 1435.For example, a light modifying element 144-i is connected (e.g., bondedor glued) to the underlying uncoated surface of the optical extractor140′ corresponding to the void or opening 1435-i, where i=1 . . . N. Anormal 102-i to the redirecting surface 143 is defined at a location(e.g., center) of the transmissive portion 1435-i. As another example,another light modifying element 144-j is connected to the underlyinguncoated surface of the optical extractor 140′ corresponding to the voidor opening 1435-j, where j=1 . . . N and j≠i. A normal 102-j to theredirecting surface 143 is defined at a location of the transmissiveportion 1435-j. In this manner, it is possible to define a segment bysegment flux mapping for the light output by the optical extractor 140′in the forward angular range 145′″ over a distance “1” along thex′-axis. Here, the light output in the forward angular range 145′″ bythe optical extractor 140′ originates as a portion of the guided lightin the angular range 135 that impinges on the N transmissive portions1435 of the redirecting surface 143, then it is transmitted therethrough before it is modified by the N modifying optical elements 144.Example segment angular ranges 145′″-i and 145′″-j illustrate differentsegment angular ranges that are present at different segment locationsover the length “1” along the x′-axis.

In some implementations, at least a propagation direction or adivergence, or both, of a segment angular range 145′″-i, where i=1 . . .N, of the output light is constant over the length “1” along thex′-axis. In other implementations, at least propagation directions ordivergencies, or both, of the segment angular ranges 145′″-i and145′″-j, for any (i,j) combination, where j≠i and i, j=1 . . . N, of theoutput light is different over the length “1” along the x′-axis.

For illustration, a range of possible distributions of light fluxΦ145′″, Φ245′″, Φ345′″ for each segment over the length “1” along thex′-axis are shown in FIG. 1D. The distributions of light flux Φ145′″,Φ245′″, Φ345′″ are indicative of underlying distributions ofdivergencies of angular ranges 145′″, 245′″, 345′″ of guided lighttransmitted through the N transmissive portions 1435-j of theredirecting surface 143 and modified by the N modifying optical elements144-j, where j=1 . . . N. FIG. 1E provides an example of how the peakintensity θ145′ for each segment can vary over the length “1” along thex′-axis. The distribution of peak intensity θ145′ is indicative of anunderlying distribution of directions (relative to the normal 102-j) ofthe angular range 145′″ of the guided light transmitted through the Ntransmissive portions 1435-j of the redirecting surface 143 and modifiedby the N modifying optical elements 144-j, where j=1 . . . N.

Furthermore, these distributions of flux Φ145′″ and peak intensity θ145′also change along the longitudinal axis (e.g., y-axis) of theredirecting surface 143 of the optical extractor 140′. As such, a twodimensional mapping of the v-groove redirecting surface 143 can begenerated that provides a clear view of variance in output flux anddirection. Such two dimensional distributions are at least a function ofthe optical properties and arrangement of the LEEs 110 and a design ofthe optical coupler(s) 120, light guide 130 and optical extractor 140.Although these near-field light distributions can be highly variabledepending on the optical constituent components and geometries, amapping of the near-field light distributions can be created in mostcases. Such mapping may permit optimization decisions for the finaldesired optical distribution from the luminaire module 100.

Specifically the value of this information from a two dimensionalmapping is that the distribution and shape of voids 1435, 1435′, 1435″,1435′″ and 1435″″ can be selected to target regions of the redirectingsurface 143 of the optical extractor 140′ where specific properties ofan intensity distribution of the light output by the optical extractor140′ are most efficiently coupled to the application lighting needs. Forexample, it may be desirable to avoid regions of the redirecting surface143 of the optical extractor 140′ where the distribution of peakintensity θ145′ will create excessive luminance in a particular field ofview. By carefully mapping the redirecting surface 143 of the opticalextractor 140′ it is possible to create an optimized near fieldluminance pattern on the redirecting surface 143 of the opticalextractor 140′ that improves the visual appeal and comfort of the finalluminaire design in the illuminated space. Furthermore, it may alsoprovide a means to optimize the distributions of flux Φ145′″ and peakintensity θ145′ by selecting various types of optical elements 144-j,j=1 . . . N, which may be varied over the length “1” along the x′-axisand along the length L of the optical extractor 140′ (along the y-axis)to fine tune the final optical emission patterns and source luminance.

As described above in connection with FIGS. 1A-1C, the one or moreoptical couplers 120, light guide 130 and the optical extractor 140(140′) of illumination device 100 are arranged and configured totranslate and redirect light emitted by LEEs 110 away from the LEEsbefore the light is output into the ambient environment. The spatialseparation of the place of generation of the light, also referred to asthe physical (light) source, from the place of extraction of the light,also referred to as a virtual light source or a virtual filament, canfacilitate design of the illumination device 100. In this manner, avirtual filament can be configured to provide substantiallynon-isotropic light emission with respect to planes parallel to anoptical axis of the illumination device (for example the z-axis.) Incontrast, a typical incandescent filament generally emits substantiallyisotropically distributed amounts of light. The virtual filament(s) maybe viewed as one or more portions of space from which substantialamounts of light appear to emanate. Furthermore, separating the LEEs110, with their predetermined optical, thermal, electrical andmechanical constraints, from the place of light extraction, mayfacilitate a greater degree of design freedom of the illumination device100 and allows for an extended optical path, which can permit apredetermined level of light mixing before light is output from theillumination device 100.

FIG. 1F shows an x-z cross-section of far-field light intensity profile101 of the illumination device 100 that is elongated along the y-axis(perpendicular to the sectional plane of FIG. 1A). In someimplementations, the far-field light intensity profile 101 includes afirst output lobe 145 a representing light output by the illuminationdevice 100 in the first output angular range 145′ and a second outputlobe 145 c representing modified light output by the illumination device100 in the forward output angular range 145″.

For example, the first output lobe 145 a is a representation of theintensity, divergence and propagation direction of light output by theoptical extractor 140′ in the first output angular range 145′ when thisoutput light reaches a target located far from the optical extractor140′. Here, the light output in the output angular range 145′ originatesas a portion of the guided light in the angular range 135 that impingeson the redirecting surface 143 outside of the N transmissive portions1435 where it is reflected towards the curved output surface 146 andwhere it is transmitted through the curved output surface 146 to theambient environment. In this case, a propagation direction of the firstoutput angular range 145′ is along the about −130° bisector of the firstoutput lobe 145 a.

As another example, the second output lobe 145 c is a representation ofthe intensity, divergence and propagation direction of modified lightoutput by the optical extractor 140′ in the forward output angular range145′″ when this modified light reaches a target located far from theoptical extractor 140′. Here, the forward output angular range 145′″ isformed as a superposition of the N segment angular ranges 145′″-j, wherej=1 . . . N (and of other N segment angular ranges 145′″-j that aremirrored relative to an optical axis that passes through the apex 141and is parallel to the z-axis; the other N segment angular ranges145′″-j correspond to the cross-section A′-A″ which is not depicted inFIG. 1C.) In this manner, the modified light output in the forwardoutput angular range 145′″ originates as a portion of the guided lightin the angular range 135 that impinges on the N transmissive portions1435-j of the redirecting surface 143 (and other N transmissive portions1435-j disposed on the redirecting surface 143 and are mirrored relativeto the optical axis), then it is transmitted there through before it ismodified by the N modifying optical elements 144-j, where j=1 . . . N(and by the other N mirrored transmissive portions 1435-j). In thiscase, a propagation direction of the forward angular range 145′ is alongthe about 0° bisector of the second output lobe 145 c. Further in thiscase, a divergence of the first output angular range 145′ (representedby a width of the first output lobe 145 a) is smaller than a divergenceof the forward angular range 145′″ (represented by a width of the secondoutput lobe 145 c).

In some implementations, in addition to the first output lobe 145 a andthe second output lobe 145 c, the far-field light intensity profile 101includes a third output lobe 145 b representing light output by theillumination device 100 in the second output angular range 145″. Forexample, the third output lobe 145 b is a representation of theintensity, divergence and propagation direction of light output by theoptical extractor 140′ in a second output angular range 145″ when thisoutput light reaches a target located far from the optical extractor140′. Here, the light output in the second output angular range 145″originates as a portion of the guided light in the angular range 135that impinges on the redirecting surface 143 outside of the other Nmirrored transmissive portions 1435 where it is reflected towardsanother curved output surface 146 mirrored relative to the optical axisand where it is transmitted through the other curved output surface 146to the ambient environment. In this case, a propagation direction of thesecond output angular range 145″ is along the about +130° bisector ofthe third output lobe 145 b. Further in this case, a divergence of thesecond output angular range 145″ (represented by a width of the thirdoutput lobe 145 b) is smaller than the divergence of the forward angularrange 145′″ (represented by the width of the second output lobe 145 c)and about the same as the divergence of the first output angular range145′ (represented by the width of the first output lobe 145 a).

Notably, the far-field light intensity profile 101 of the illuminationdevice 100 includes a range of angles between +40° and +120° and between−40° and −120° where the emission of light from the optical extractor140 (140′) is minimized. In this region the apparent luminance of theillumination device 100 also is minimized such that luminous intensityand what is often called “glare” into the space would be well managed.In many popular prior art luminaire designs the overall radiationpattern is often a derivative of a typical Lambertian profile such thatthere are usually emitting surfaces of Lambertian luminance that are inplain view within the users' field of view. One of the primaryadvantages of the illumination device 100 is that the ratio between thepeak intensity of a lobe 145 a, 145 b or 145 c and the minimum intensitybetween two adjacent lobes (145 a and 145 c; or 145 b and 145 c) of thefar-field light intensity profile 101 can be very high and readilyexceed 5 to 1.

As described in detail below, composition and geometry of the couplers120, the light guide 130 and the extractor 140 (140′) of theillumination device 100 can affect the far-field light intensity profile101, e.g., the propagation direction and divergence associated with thefirst output lobe 145 a and the second output lobe 145 c, and,optionally, of the third output lobe 145 b.

Prior to describing various embodiments of the illumination device 100that are configured to include an optical extractor with a redirectingsurface having light transmitting portions and optical elements coupledwith the light transmitting portions to modify the transmitted light, alight guide illumination device is described for which the opticalextractor has a redirecting surface with light transmitting portions butdoes not include modifying optical elements.

(ii) Luminaire Module including an Optical Extractor with a RedirectingSurface having Light Transmitting Portions

Referring to FIG. 2A, in which a Cartesian coordinate system is shownfor reference, a luminaire module 200 includes a mount 212 having aplurality of LEEs 210 distributed along a first surface of the mount212. The mount with the LEEs 210 is disposed at a first (e.g., upper)edge 231 of a light guide 230. Once again, the positive z-direction isreferred to as the “forward” direction and the negative z-direction isthe “backward” direction. Sections through the luminaire module 200parallel to the x-z plane are referred to as the “cross-section” or“cross-sectional plane” of the luminaire module. Also, luminaire module200 extends along the y-direction, so this direction is referred to asthe “longitudinal” direction of the luminaire module. Implementations ofluminaire modules can have a plane of symmetry parallel to the y-zplane, be curved or otherwise shaped. This is referred to as the“symmetry plane” of the luminaire module.

Multiple LEEs 210 are disposed on the first surface of the mount 212,although only one of the multiple LEEs 210 is shown in FIG. 2A. Forexample, the plurality of LEEs 210 can include multiple white LEDs. TheLEEs 210 are optically coupled with one or more optical couplers 220(only one of which is shown in FIG. 2A). An optical extractor 240 isdisposed at second (e.g., lower) edge 232 of light guide 230.

Mount 212, light guide 230, and optical extractor 240 extend a length Lalong the y-direction, so that the luminaire module is an elongatedluminaire module with an elongation of L that may be about parallel to awall of a room (e.g., a ceiling of the room). Generally, L can vary asdesired. Typically, L is in a range from about 1 cm to about 200 cm(e.g., 20 cm or more, 30 cm or more, 40 cm or more, 50 cm or more, 60 cmor more, 70 cm or more, 80 cm or more, 100 cm or more, 125 cm or more,or, 150 cm or more).

The number of LEEs 210 on the mount 212 will generally depend, interalia, on the length L, where more LEEs are used for longer luminairemodules. In some implementations, the plurality of LEEs 210 can includebetween 10 and 1,000 LEEs (e.g., about 50 LEEs, about 100 LEEs, about200 LEEs, about 500 LEEs). Generally, the density of LEEs (e.g., numberof LEEs per unit length) will also depend on the nominal power of theLEEs and illuminance desired from the luminaire module. For example, arelatively high density of LEEs can be used in applications where highilluminance is desired or where low power LEEs are used. In someimplementations, the luminaire module 200 has LEE density along itslength of 0.1 LEE per centimeter or more (e.g., 0.2 per centimeter ormore, 0.5 per centimeter or more, 1 per centimeter or more, 2 percentimeter or more). The density of LEEs may also be based on a desiredamount of mixing of light emitted by the multiple LEEs. Inimplementations, LEEs can be evenly spaced along the length, L, of theluminaire module. In some implementations, a heat-sink 205 can beattached to the mount 212 to extract heat emitted by the plurality ofLEEs 210. The heat-sink 205 can be disposed on a surface of the mount212 opposing the side of the mount 212 on which the LEEs 210 aredisposed. The luminaire module 200 can include one or multiple types ofLEEs, for example one or more subsets of LEEs in which each subset canhave different color or color temperature.

Optical coupler 220 includes one or more solid pieces of transparentoptical material (e.g., a glass material or a transparent plastic, suchas polycarbonate or acrylic) having surfaces 221 and 222 positioned toreflect light from the LEEs 210 towards the light guide 230. In general,surfaces 221 and 222 are shaped to collect and at least partiallycollimate light emitted from the LEEs. In the x-z cross-sectional plane,surfaces 221 and 222 can be straight or curved. Examples of curvedsurfaces include surfaces having a constant radius of curvature,parabolic or hyperbolic shapes. In some implementations, surfaces 221and 222 are coated with a highly reflective material (e.g., a reflectivemetal, such as aluminum or silver), to provide a highly reflectiveoptical interface. The cross-sectional profile of optical coupler 220can be uniform along the length L of luminaire module 200.Alternatively, the cross-sectional profile can vary. For example,surfaces 221 and/or 222 can be curved out of the x-z plane.

The exit aperture of the optical coupler 220 adjacent upper edge oflight guide 231 is optically coupled to edge 231 to facilitate efficientcoupling of light from the optical coupler 220 into light guide 230. Forexample, the surfaces of a solid coupler and a solid light guide can beattached using a material that substantially matches the refractiveindex of the material forming the optical coupler 220 or light guide 230or both (e.g., refractive indices across the interface are different by2% or less.) The optical coupler 220 can be affixed to light guide 230using an index matching fluid, grease, or adhesive. In someimplementations, optical coupler 220 is fused to light guide 230 or theyare integrally formed from a single piece of material (e.g., coupler andlight guide may be monolithic and may be made of a solid transparentoptical material).

Light guide 230 is formed from a piece of transparent material (e.g.,glass material such as BK7, fused silica or quartz glass, or atransparent plastic, such as polycarbonate or acrylic) that can be thesame or different from the material forming optical couplers 220. Lightguide 230 extends length L in the y-direction, has a uniform thickness Tin the x-direction, and a uniform depth D in the z-direction. Thedimensions D and T are generally selected based on the desired opticalproperties of the light guide (e.g., which spatial modes are supported)and/or the direct/indirect intensity distribution. During operation,light coupled into the light guide 230 from optical coupler 220 (with anangular range 125) reflects off the planar surfaces of the light guideby TIR and spatially mixes within the light guide. The mixing can helpachieve illuminance and/or color uniformity, along the y-axis, at thedistal portion of the light guide 232 at optical extractor 240. Thedepth, D, of light guide 230 can be selected to achieve adequateuniformity at the exit aperture (i.e., at end 232) of the light guide.In some implementations, D is in a range from about 1 cm to about 20 cm(e.g., 2 cm or more, 4 cm or more, 6 cm or more, 8 cm or more, 10 cm ormore, 12 cm or more).

In general, optical couplers 220 are designed to restrict the angularrange of light entering the light guide 230 (e.g., to within +/−40degrees) so that at least a substantial amount of the light (e.g., 95%or more of the light) is optically coupled into spatial modes in thelight guide 230 that undergoes TIR at the planar surfaces. Light guide230 can have a uniform thickness T, which is the distance separating twoplanar opposing surfaces of the light guide. Generally, T issufficiently large so the light guide has an aperture at first (e.g.,upper) surface 231 sufficiently large to approximately match (or exceed)the exit aperture of optical coupler 220. In some implementations, T isin a range from about 0.05 cm to about 2 cm (e.g., about 0.1 cm or more,about 0.2 cm or more, about 0.5 cm or more, about 0.8 cm or more, about1 cm or more, about 1.5 cm or more). Depending on the implementation,the narrower the light guide the better it may spatially mix light. Anarrow light guide also provides a narrow exit aperture. As such lightemitted from the light guide can be considered to resemble the lightemitted from a one-dimensional linear light source, also referred to asan elongate virtual filament.

While optical coupler 220 and light guide 230 are formed from solidpieces of transparent optical material, hollow structures are alsopossible. For example, the optical coupler 220 or the light guide 230 orboth may be hollow with reflective inner surfaces rather than beingsolid. As such, material cost can be reduced and absorption in the lightguide can be mitigated. A number of specular reflective materials may besuitable for this purpose including materials such as 3M Vikuiti™ orMiro IV™ sheet from Alanod Corporation where greater than 90% of theincident light can be efficiently guided to the optical extractor.

Optical extractor 240 is also composed of a solid piece of transparentoptical material (e.g., a glass material or a transparent plastic, suchas polycarbonate or acrylic) that can be the same as or different fromthe material forming light guide 230. In the example implementationshown in FIG. 2A, the optical extractor 240 includes redirecting (e.g.,flat) surfaces 242 and 244 and curved surfaces 246 and 248. The flatsurfaces 242 and 244 represent first and second portions of aredirecting surface 243, while the curved surfaces 246 and 248 representfirst and second output surfaces of the luminaire module 200.

Surfaces 242 and 244 are coated with a reflective material (e.g., ahighly reflective metal such as aluminum or silver) over which aprotective coating may be disposed. For example, the material formingsuch a coating may reflect about 95% or more of light incident thereonat appropriate (e.g., visible) wavelengths. Here, surfaces 242 and 244provide a highly reflective optical interface for light having theangular range 125 entering an input end of the optical extractor 232′from light guide 230. As another example, the surfaces 242 and 244include portions that are transparent to the light entering at the inputend 232′ of the optical extractor 240. Here, these portions can beuncoated regions (e.g., partially silvered regions) or discontinuities(e.g., slots, slits, apertures) of the surfaces 242 and 244.

FIG. 2B shows that, in some implementations, the first and secondportions of the redirecting surface 242, 244 can be separated, at leastin part, by a transmissive portion 245 (e.g., a slot, void, opening.)FIG. 2C shows that, in some implementations, either the first and secondportions of the redirecting surface 242, 244 can include one or moretransmissive portions 2455′, 2455″ (e.g., slots, voids, openings.) Eachof the transmissive portions 245, 2455′, 2455″ may but does not need toextend along the entire longitudinal direction of the luminaire module200. As described above in connection with FIG. 1B, such transmissiveportions can represent openings in the coating reflecting layer of theredirecting surface 243, and are configured to allow a portion of lightreceived from the input end of the extractor 232′ to transmit throughthe transmissive portions 245, 2455′, 2455″ of the redirecting surface243. FIG. 2B shows that, for a cross-sectional plane perpendicular tothe longitudinal dimension of the luminaire module 200 which intersectsthe transmissive portion 245, first and second curves corresponding tothe first and second portions of the redirecting surface 242, 244 areseparated by a discontinuity. Moreover, FIG. 2C shows that, for across-sectional plane perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension theluminaire module 200 which intersects the transmissive portions 2455′,2455″, first and second curves corresponding to the first and secondportions of the redirecting surface [242, 244] include one or morediscontinuities associated with the slots 2455′, 2455″. Note that thecross-sectional plane shown in FIG. 2C can correspond to a portion ofthe cross-section A-A″ illustrated in FIG. 1B.

In addition, the curves corresponding to each of the cross-sectionalplanes illustrated in FIGS. 2B-2C can have different shapes anddifferent discontinuities in other cross-sectional planes along thelongitudinal dimension of the luminaire module 200. In general,different cross-sections of a redirecting surface 243 can have differentcombinations of disjoint or joined piecewise differentiable curves. Assuch, some light is transmitted in the forward direction (along thez-axis) through surfaces 242 and 244 of the optical extractor 240 in aforward output angular range 145′. In the example illustrated in FIG.2A, the light transmitted in the forward output angular range 145′″ isrefracted. In this way, the redirecting surface 243 acts as a beamsplitter rather than a mirror, and transmits in the output angular range145′″ a desired portion of incident light, while reflecting theremaining light in angular ranges 138′ and 138″. FIG. 2D shows a portionof a (x-z) cross-section of the luminaire module 200 having aredirecting surface 243 like the one illustrated in FIG. 2C. Here, lightguided by the light guide 130 that impinges on the transmissive portions2455′ of the redirecting surface portion 242 and transmissive portions2455″ of the redirecting portion 244 is transmitted there through to theambient environment as output light in the forward output angular range145′″. The light that impinges on the redirecting surface portions 242and 244 outside of the transmissive portions 2455′ and 2455″ isreflected thereof. The light reflected in that manner is output to theambient environment through the curved output surfaces 246 and 248 ofthe optical extractor 240 in backward output angular ranges 145′ and145″, respectively.

Referring again to FIG. 2A, in the x-z cross-sectional plane, the linescorresponding to surfaces 242 and 244 have the same length and form anapex or vertex 241, e.g. a v-shape that meets at the apex 241. Ingeneral, an included angle (e.g., the smallest included angle betweenthe surfaces 244 and 242) of the redirecting surfaces 242, 244 can varyas desired. For example, in some implementations, the included angle canbe relatively small (e.g., from 30° to 60°). In certain implementations,the included angle is in a range from 60° to 120° (e.g., about 90°). Theincluded angle can also be relatively large (e.g., in a range from 120°to 150° or more). In the example implementation shown in FIG. 2A, theoutput surfaces 246, 248 of the optical extractor 240 are curved with aconstant radius of curvature that is the same for both. In an aspect,the output surfaces 246, 248 may have optical power (e.g., may focus ordefocus light.) Accordingly, luminaire module 200 has a plane ofsymmetry intersecting apex 241 parallel to the y-z plane.

The surface of optical extractor 240 adjacent to the lower edge 232 oflight guide 230 is optically coupled to edge 232. For example, opticalextractor 240 can be affixed to light guide 230 using an index matchingfluid, grease, or adhesive. In some implementations, optical extractor240 is fused to light guide 230 or they are integrally formed from asingle piece of material.

The emission spectrum of the luminaire module 200 corresponds to theemission spectrum of the LEEs 210. However, in some implementations, awavelength-conversion material may be positioned in the luminairemodule, for example remote from the LEEs, so that the wavelengthspectrum of the luminaire module is dependent both on the emissionspectrum of the LEEs and the composition of the wavelength-conversionmaterial. In general, a wavelength-conversion material can be placed ina variety of different locations in luminaire module 200. For example, awavelength-conversion material may be disposed proximate the LEEs 210,adjacent surfaces 242 and 244 of optical extractor 240, on the exitsurfaces 246 and 248 of optical extractor 240, and/or at otherlocations.

The layer of wavelength-conversion material (e.g., phosphor) may beattached to light guide 230 held in place via a suitable supportstructure (not illustrated), disposed within the extractor (also notillustrated) or otherwise arranged, for example. Wavelength-conversionmaterial that is disposed within the extractor may be configured as ashell or other object and disposed within a notional area that iscircumscribed between R/n and R*(1+n²)^((−1/2)), where R is the radiusof curvature of the light-exit surfaces (246 and 248 in FIG. 2A) of theextractor 240 and n is the index of refraction of the portion of theextractor that is opposite of the wavelength-conversion material asviewed from the reflective surfaces (242 and 244 in FIG. 2A). Thesupport structure may be a transparent self-supporting structure. Thewavelength-conversion material diffuses light as it converts thewavelengths, provides mixing of the light and can help uniformlyilluminate a surface of the ambient environment.

During operation, light exiting light guide 230 through end 232 impingeson the reflective interfaces at portions of the redirecting surface 242and 244 and is reflected outwardly towards output surfaces 246 and 248,respectively, away from the symmetry plane of the luminaire module. Thefirst portion of the redirecting surface 242 provides light having anangular distribution 138″ towards the output surface 246, the secondportion of the redirecting surface 244 provides light having an angulardistribution 138′ towards the output surface 248. The light exitsoptical extractor through output surfaces 246 and 248. In general, theoutput surfaces 246 and 248 have optical power, to redirect the lightexiting the optical extractor 240 in angular ranges 145′ and 145″,respectively. For example, optical extractor 240 may be configured toemit light upwards (i.e., towards the plane intersecting the LEEs andparallel to the x-y plane), downwards (i.e., away from that plane) orboth upwards and downwards. In general, the direction of light exitingthe luminaire module through surfaces 246 and 248 depends on thedivergence of the light exiting light guide 230 and the orientation ofsurfaces 242 and 244.

Surfaces 242 and 244 may be oriented so that little or no light fromlight guide 230 is output by optical extractor 240 in certaindirections. In implementations where the luminaire module 200 isattached to a ceiling of a room (e.g., the forward direction is towardsthe floor) such configurations can help avoid glare and an appearance ofnon-uniform illuminance.

In general, the light intensity distribution provided by luminairemodule 200 reflects the symmetry of the luminaire module's structureabout the y-z plane. For example, referring to FIG. 1F, light output inangular range 145′ corresponds to the first output lobe 145 a of thefar-field light intensity distribution 101, light output (leaked) inforward angular range 145′″ corresponds to the second output lobe 145 cof the far-field light intensity distribution 101, and light output inangular range 145″ corresponds to the third output lobe 145 b of thefar-field light intensity distribution 101. In general, an intensityprofile of luminaire module 200 will depend on the configuration of theoptical coupler 220, the light guide 230 and the optical extractor 240.For instance, the interplay between the shape of the optical coupler220, the shape of the redirecting surface 243 of the optical extractor240 and the shapes of the output surfaces 246, 248 of the opticalextractor 240 can be used to control the angular width and prevalentdirection (orientation) of the output first 145 a and third 145 b lobesin the far-field light intensity profile 101. Additionally, a ratio ofan amount of light in the combination of first 145 a and third 145 boutput lobes and light in the second output lobe 145 c is controlled byreflectivity and transmissivity of the redirecting surfaces 242 and 244.For example, for a reflectivity of 90% and transmissivity of 10% of theredirecting surfaces 242, 244, 45% of light can be output in the outputangular range 145′ corresponding to the first output lobe 145 a, 45%light can be output in the output angular range 145″ corresponding tothe third output lobe 145 b, and 10% of light can be output in theforward angular range 145′″ corresponding to the second output lobe 145c.

In some implementations, the orientation of the output lobes 145 a, 145b can be adjusted based on the included angle of the v-shaped groove 241formed by the portions of the redirecting surface 242 and 244. Forexample, a first included angle results in a far-field light intensitydistribution 101 with output lobes 145 a, 145 b located at relativelysmaller angles compared to output lobes 145 a, 145 b of the far-fieldlight intensity distribution 101 that results for a second includedangle larger than the first angle. In this manner, light can beextracted from the luminaire module 200 in a more forward direction forthe smaller of two included angles formed by the portions 242, 244 ofthe redirecting surface 243.

Furthermore, while surfaces 242 and 244 are depicted as planar surfaces,other shapes are also possible. For example, these surfaces can becurved or faceted. Curved redirecting surfaces 242 and 244 can be usedto narrow or widen the output lobes 145 a, 145 b. Depending of thedivergence of the angular range 125 of the light that is received at theinput end of the optical extractor 232′, concave reflective surfaces242, 244 can narrow the lobes 145 a, 145 b output by the opticalextractor 240 (and illustrated in FIG. 1F), while convex reflectivesurfaces 242, 244 can widen the lobes 145 a, 145 b output by the opticalextractor 240. As such, suitably configured redirecting surfaces 242,244 may introduce convergence or divergence into the light. Suchsurfaces can have a constant radius of curvature, can be parabolic,hyperbolic, or have some other curvature.

In general, the geometry of the elements can be established using avariety of methods. For example, the geometry can be establishedempirically. Alternatively, or additionally, the geometry can beestablished using optical simulation software, such as Lighttools™,Tracepro™, FRED™ or Zemax™, for example.

In general, luminaire module 200 can be designed to output light intodifferent output angular ranges 145′, 145″ from those shown in FIG. 2A.In some implementations, illumination devices can output light intolobes 145 a, 145 b that have a different divergence or propagationdirection than those shown in FIG. 1F. For example, in general, theoutput lobes 145 a, 145 b can have a width of up to about 90° (e.g., 80°or less, 70° or less, 60° or less, 50° or less, 40° or less, 30° orless, 20° or less). In general, the direction in which the output lobes145 a, 145 b are oriented can also differ from the directions shown inFIG. 1F. The “direction” refers to the direction at which a lobe isbrightest. In FIG. 1F, for example, the output lobes 145 a, 145 b areoriented at approx. −130° and approximately +130°. In general, outputlobes 145 a, 145 b can be directed more towards the horizontal (e.g., atan angle in the ranges from −90° to −135°, such as at approx. −90° ,approx. −100°, approx. −110°, approx. −120°, approx. −130°, and from+90° to +135°, such as at approx. +90°, approx. +100°, approx. +110°,approx. +120°, approx. +130°.

The luminaire modules can include other features useful for tailoringthe intensity profile. For example, in some implementations, luminairemodules can include an optically diffuse material that can diffuse lightin a controlled manner to aid homogenizing the luminaire module'sintensity profile. For example, surfaces 242 and 244 can be roughened ora diffusely reflecting material, rather than a specular reflectivematerial, can be coated on these surfaces. Accordingly, the opticalinterfaces at surfaces 242 and 244 can diffusely reflect light,scattering light into broader lobes than would be provided by similarstructures utilizing specular reflection at these interfaces. In someimplementations these surfaces can include structure that facilitatesvarious intensity distributions. For example, surfaces 242 and 244 caneach have multiple planar facets at differing orientations. Accordingly,each facet will reflect light into different directions. In someimplementations, surfaces 242 and 244 can have structure thereon (e.g.,structural features that scatter or diffract light).

Surfaces 246 and 248 need not be surfaces having a constant radius ofcurvature. For example, surfaces 246 and 248 can include portions havingdiffering curvature and/or can have structure thereon (e.g., structuralfeatures that scatter or diffract light). In certain implementations, alight scattering material can be disposed on surfaces 246 and 248 ofoptical extractor 240.

In some implementations, optical extractor 240 is structured so that anegligible amount (e.g., less than 1%) of the light propagating withinat least one plane (e.g., the x-z cross-sectional plane) that isreflected by surface 242 or 244 experiences TIR at light-exit surface246 or 248. For certain spherical or cylindrical structures, a so-calledWeierstrass condition can avoid TIR. A Weierstrass condition isillustrated for a circular structure (i.e., a cross section through acylinder or sphere) having a surface of radius R and a concentricnotional circle having a radius R/n, where n is the refractive index ofthe structure. Any light ray that passes through the notional circlewithin the cross-sectional plane is incident on the surface of thecircular structure and has an angle of incidence less than the criticalangle and will exit the circular structure without experiencing TIR.Light rays propagating within the spherical structure in the plane butnot emanating from within notional surface can impinge on the surface ofradius R at the critical angle or greater angles of incidence.Accordingly, such light may be subject to TIR and won't exit thecircular structure. Furthermore, rays of p-polarized light that passthrough a notional space circumscribed by an area with a radius ofcurvature that is smaller than R/(1+n²)^((−1/2)), which is smaller thanR/n, will be subject to small Fresnel reflection at the surface ofradius R when exiting the circular structure. This condition may bereferred to as Brewster geometry. Implementations may be configuredaccordingly.

Referring again to FIG. 2A, in some implementations, all or part ofsurfaces 242 and 244 may be located within a notional Weierstrasssurface defined by surfaces 246 and 248. For example, the portions ofsurfaces 242 and 244 that receive light exiting light guide 230 throughend 232 can reside within this surface so that light within the x-zplane reflected from surfaces 242 and 244 exits through surfaces 246 and248, respectively, without experiencing TIR.

FIG. 2E shows an embodiment 200′ of the luminaire module 200 that alsois elongated along an axis (e.g., y-axis) perpendicular to the forwarddirection (e.g., along the z-axis.) In this case, a length L of thelight guide 230 along the elongated dimension of the luminaire module200′ can be 2′, 4′ or 8′, for instance. A thickness T of the light guide230 orthogonal to the elongated dimension L (e.g., along the x-axis) ischosen to be a fraction of the distance D traveled by the guided lightfrom the receiving end to the opposing end of the light guide 230. ForT=0.05 D, 0.1 D or 0.2 D, for instance, light from multiple, point-likeLEEs 210—distributed along the elongated dimension L—that isedge-coupled into the light guide 230 at the receiving end canefficiently mix and become uniform (quasi-continuous) along the y-axisby the time it propagates to the opposing end.

FIG. 2F shows a luminaire module 200″ that has (e.g., continuous ordiscrete) rotational symmetry about the forward direction (e.g.,z-axis.) Here, a diameter T of the light guide 230 is a fraction of thedistance D traveled by the guided light from the receiving end to theopposing end of the light guide 230. For example, the diameter of thelight guide 230 can be T=0.05 D, 0.1 D or 0.2 D, for instance.

Other open and closed shapes of the luminaire module 200 are possible.FIGS. 2G and 2H show a perspective view and a bottom view, respectively,of a luminaire module 200′″ for which the light guide 230 has twoopposing side surfaces 232 a, 232 b that form a closed cylinder shell ofthickness T. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 2G and 2H, the x-ycross-section of the cylinder shell formed by the opposing side surfaces232 a, 232 b is oval. In other cases, the x-y cross-section of thecylinder shell can be circular or can have other shapes. Someimplementations of the example luminaire module 200′″ may include aspecular reflective coating on the side surface 232 a of the light guide230. For T=0.05 D, 0.1 D or 0.2 D, for instance, light from multiple,point-like LEEs 210—distributed along an elliptical path of lengthL—that is edge-coupled into the light guide 230 at the receiving end canefficiently mix and become uniform (quasi-continuous) along such anelliptical path by the time it propagates to the opposing end.

In the example implementations described above in connection with FIGS.2A-2H, the luminaire module 200 includes a light guide 230 to guide(translate) light from the exit aperture of the optical couplers 220 tothe input end 231′ of the optical extractor 240. FIG. 2I illustrates anexample of such “hollow” luminaire module 200-h that includes LEEs 210,one or more corresponding optical couplers 220 (like the luminairemodule 200) and an optical extractor (simplified relative to the opticalextractor 240 of the luminaire module 200) that uses only a redirectingsurface 243 to extract—to the ambient environment—the light provided bythe optical couplers 220. The hollow luminaire module 200-h is elongatedalong the y-axis like the luminaire module 200 shown in FIG. 2A. Alsolike the luminaire module 200, the hollow luminaire module 200-hincludes a mount 212 (having a normal along the z-axis) such that theLEEs 210 are disposed on a surface of the mount 212 along the y-axis toemit light in a first angular range along the z-axis. The opticalcouplers 220 are arranged and configured to redirect the light emittedby the LEEs 210 in the first angular range into a second angular range125 that has a divergence smaller than the divergence of the firstangular range at least in the x-z cross-section.

Here, the redirecting surface 243 is spaced apart from an exit apertureof the optical couplers 220 by a distance D and includes two reflectingsurfaces arranged to form a v-groove with an apex pointing toward theoptical couplers 220. The distance D is selected based on a divergenceof the second angular range 225 and of a transverse dimension (along thex-axis) of the redirecting surface 243, such that all light provided bythe optical couplers in the second angular range 225 impinges on theredirecting surface 243. In this manner, a portion of the redirectingsurface 243 redirects some of the light received from the opticalcouplers 220 into a third angular range 138′ and another portion of theredirecting surface 243 redirects the remaining light received from theoptical couplers 220 into a fourth angular range 138. In some cases, theredirecting surface 243 is semitransparent. In this manner, a fractionof the light received from the optical couplers 220 in angular range 225is transmitted (leaks) through the redirecting surface 243 in a fifthangular range 225′. A prevalent propagation direction for the fifthangular range 225′ is in the forward direction (along the z-axis.) Alight intensity profile of the hollow luminaire module 200-h can berepresented similar to the one shown in FIG. 1F as first 145 a andsecond 145 c output lobes, and optionally as an additional second outputlobe 145 c. By comparison, the first output lobe 145 a corresponds tolight output by the hollow luminaire module 200-h in the backward thirdangular range 145′, the second output lobe 145 c corresponds to lightleaked by the hollow luminaire module 200-h in the forward fifth angularrange 145′″, and the third output lobe 145 b corresponds to light outputby the hollow luminaire module 200-h in the backward fourth angularrange 145″.

In the example implementations described above in connection with FIG.2A, the luminaire module 200 is configured to output light into outputangular ranges 145′ and 145″. In other implementations (e.g., see FIG.2J), the light guide-based luminaire module is modified to output lightinto a single output angular range 145′. Such light guide-basedluminaire module configured to output light on a single side of thelight guide is referred to as a single-sided luminaire module and isdenoted 200*. The single-sided luminaire module 200* is elongated alongthe y-axis like the luminaire module 200 shown in FIG. 2A. Also like theluminaire module 200, the single-sided luminaire module 200* includes amount 212 and LEEs 210 disposed on a surface of the mount 212 along they-axis to emit light in a first angular range. The single-sidedluminaire module 200* further includes optical couplers 220 arranged andconfigured to redirect the light emitted by the LEEs 210 in the firstangular range into a second angular range 125 that has a divergencesmaller than the divergence of the first angular range at least in thex-z cross-section. Also, the single-sided luminaire module 200* includesa light guide 230 to guide the light redirected by the optical couplers220 in the second angular range 125 from a first end 231 of the lightguide to a second end 232 of the light guide. Additionally, thesingle-sided luminaire module 200* includes a single-sided extractor(denoted 240*) to receive the light guided by the light guide 230. Thesingle-sided extractor 240* includes a redirecting surface 244 toredirect the light received from the light guide 230 into a thirdangular range 138′, like described for luminaire module 200 withreference to FIG. 2A, and an output surface 248 to output the lightredirected by the redirecting surface 244 in the third angular range138′ into a fourth angular range 145′.

A light intensity profile of the single-sided luminaire module 200* isrepresented in FIG. 1B as a first output lobe 145 a and the secondoutput lobe 145 c. The first output lobe 145 a corresponds to lightoutput by the single-sided luminaire module 200* in the fourth angularrange 145′ and the second output love 145 c corresponds to lighttransmitted (leaked) by the single-sided luminaire module 200* in theforward direction (along the z-axis.)

Luminaire modules like the ones described in this section—which includean optical extractor with a redirecting surface having lighttransmitting portions—can be used to obtain luminaire modules for whichthe optical extractor with a redirecting surface having lighttransmitting portions also has optical elements coupled with the lighttransmitting portions to modify the transmitted light.

(iii) Illumination Device that includes an Optical Extractor with aRedirecting Surface having Light Transmitting Portions and OpticalElements Coupled with the Light Transmitting Portions to Modify aSpectral Distribution of the Transmitted Light

FIGS. 3A-3D show aspects of an illumination device 300 that includes anoptical extractor 340-j, with j={a or b}, with a redirecting surface 343having light transmitting portions and optical elements 344 coupled withthe light transmitting portions to modify a spectral distribution of thetransmitted light. In this example, the illumination device 300 alsoincludes LEEs (not shown in FIGS. 3A-3B) and a light guide 230. As such,the illumination device 300 is referred to, interchangeably, as a lightguide luminaire module 300. Here, the illumination device 300 has anelongated configuration, e.g., with a longitudinal dimension L along they-axis, perpendicular to the page, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A or 2E. Inthis case, L can be 1′, 2′ or 4′, for instance. In otherimplementations, the illumination device 300 can have another elongatedconfiguration, as illustrated in FIGS. 2G-2H. In some otherimplementations, the illumination device 300 can have a non-elongatedconfiguration, e.g., with rotational symmetry around the z-axis, asillustrated in FIG. 2F. In some implementations, the illumination device300 also includes one or more couplers (not shown in FIGS. 3A-3B) tocollimate the light emitted by the LEEs prior to injection into thelight guide 230.

The LEEs are disposed on a substrate and have a structure similar to astructure of the LEEs 110 of the illumination device 100 described abovein connection with FIG. 1A or a structure of the LEEs 210 of theluminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″, 200-h described above inconnection with FIGS. 2A-2J. Further, the optical couplers—included insome implementations of the illumination device 300—have a structuresimilar to a structure of the optical couplers 120 of the illuminationdevice 100 described above in connection with FIG. 1A or a structure ofthe optical couplers 220 of the luminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″,200′″, 200-h described above in connection with FIGS. 2A-2J.Furthermore, the light guide 230 is the same light guide of theluminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″ described above inconnection with FIGS. 2A-2H and 2J or has a structure similar to astructure of the light guide 130 of the illumination device 100described above in connection with FIG. 1A. Here, the light guide 230has a length D along the z-axis, e.g., D=10, 20, 50 cm, from a receivingend to an opposing end, and a thickness T along the x-axis that can bemuch smaller than the length D, e.g., T≈5% D, 10% D or 20% D. When partof the illumination device 300, the optical couplers are opticallycoupled to the input end of the light guide 230. In someimplementations, the optical couplers are bonded to the input end of thelight guide 230. In other implementations, the optical couplers and thelight guide 230 are integrally formed.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show respective implementations 340-a and 340-b of theoptical extractor. The optical extractor 340-a or the optical extractor340-b includes a redirecting surface 343 having a structure similar to astructure of the redirecting surface 143 of the optical extractor 140′of the illumination device 100 described above in connection with FIGS.1B-1C or the redirecting surfaces 243 of the optical extractors 240,240* of the luminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″, 200-hdescribed above in connection with FIGS. 2A-2J. The redirecting surface343 of the optical extractor 340-a is configured like the redirectingsurface 243 illustrated in FIG. 2B. The redirecting surface 343 of theoptical extractor 340-b is configured like the redirecting surface 243illustrated in FIGS. 2C-2D. Here, the “v-groove” redirecting surface 343is coated with a reflective (metallic or dielectric) film and each ofthe two sides (which, in FIG. 2C-2D, are labeled 242 and 244 and meet atan apex 241) of the redirecting surface 343 has one or more transmissiveportions located on the side. The transmissive portions of theredirecting surface 343 of either the optical extractor 340-a or theoptical extractor 340-b represent a slot, a void or an opening in thereflective film that coats the redirecting surface. In this manner, thetransmissive portions transmit substantially all light impingingthereon, except for a small fraction of the impinging light, e.g., 4% orless, that is reflected via Fresnel reflection, for instance.

The optical extractor 340-a or the optical extractor 340-b also includeslight modifying elements 344 that are optically coupled with the lighttransmitting portions of the redirecting surface 343. Here, the lightmodifying elements 344 are configured to modify a spectral distributionof the light transmitted through the transmissive portions of theredirecting surface 343. Hence, the light modifying elements 344 includeinelastic scattering centers such that the modified light provided bythe light modifying elements 344 of the optical extractor 340-a or theoptical extractor 340-b has a spectral distribution different from aspectral distribution of light emitted by the LEEs and guided by thelight guide 230 to the redirecting surface 343. FIG. 3C shows an exampleof a spectrum 145′-s corresponding to the light emitted by the LEEs andguided by the light guide 230 to the redirecting surface 343. Also shownin FIG. 3C is an example of a spectrum 145′″-s corresponding to lighttransmitted through the transmissive portions of the redirecting surface343, modified by the light modifying elements 344 and directed in theforward angular range 145′″ as spectrally modified light.

In this manner, the optical extractor 340-a or the optical extractor340-b outputs, into the ambient environment, light—reflected by portionsof the redirecting surface 343 outside the transmissive portions—in oneor more backward angular ranges 145′ and 145″. Additionally, the lightthat is spectrally modified by the light modifying elements 344 coupledwith the transmissive portions of the redirecting surface 343 is outputby the optical extractor 340-a or the optical extractor 340-b within aforward output angular range 145′″. Here, propagation directions oflight in the backward angular ranges 145′, 145″ have components that areantiparallel to the forward direction (e.g., the z-axis) and apropagation direction of spectrally modified light in the forwardangular range 145′″ has a component parallel to the forward direction.Moreover, the propagation directions of the light in the backwardangular ranges 145′ and 145″ have respective components orthogonal tothe forward direction that are opposite (antiparallel) to each other(antiparallel and parallel to the x-axis.)

FIG. 3D shows a modified far-field light intensity profile 301 of theillumination device 300. Here the illumination device 300 is affixed tothe ceiling of a room and is configured to provide direct and indirectillumination to a target surface (e.g., a user's desk). The direct, ortask, illumination is provided from light in downward lobe 345 ccorresponding to modified light having a spectrum 145′″-s that is beingoutput in the forward angular range 145′″. The indirect illumination isprovided from light in upward lobes 345 a, 345 b corresponding tounmodified light having a spectrum 145′-s that is being output in thebackward angular ranges 145′ and 145″. The unmodified light providedfrom light in upward lobes 345 a, 345 b directly illuminates theceiling, such that the unmodified light scattered off the ceilingreaches the target surface as indirect illumination.

As shown in FIG. 3C, the spectrum 145′-s of the unmodified light—that isoutput by the illumination device 300 towards the ceiling—contains ahigher relative amount of shorter wavelengths relative to the spectrum145′″-s of the modified light—that is output by the illumination device300 directly towards the target surface. In this manner, light reachingthe target surface can be optimized for biological purposes in terms ofspectral content and preferred field of view direction to increase thebiological efficacy for human circadian rhythm. As shown in literature,the location of the retinal ganglion cells is not uniform within thehuman eye and have evolved to be pre-disposed to receiving and acting onparticular wavelengths of light within certain zones above a horizontalfield of view, as in sunlight above the horizon and the overall blue skyradiation. Therefore, the illumination device 300 may be well suited tothe optimal distribution of biologically active illumination above thehorizontal field of view via a combination of bothreflections/scattering from the ceiling and some level of directillumination from the optical extractor 340-a or the optical extractor340-b. As such, a lower correlated color temperature as could bepotentially preferred for a “down-light” component of illumination, canbe provided by the illumination device 300 for task illumination withinthe working space below.

As described above, the light modifying elements 344 include inelasticscattering centers—formed from light converting materials, e.g.,phosphor or quantum dots, which will and re-radiate optical radiation ata different wavelength, usually longer than the incident wavelength—suchthat the correlated color temperature of modified light with spectrum145′″-s has a “warmer” than the unmodified light with spectrum 145′-s.Various types of binder material may be used to protect the phosphor andto hold it mechanically in place. Other structures could be usedincluding thin layers of sintered phosphor powder as in Lumiramic™ asdescribed by Philips Lumileds. Alternatively, the use of quantum dotscould be very well suited in this application as they also potentiallylimit the amount of scattering within the light modifying elements 344,as quantum dots are typically smaller than phosphor particles. Thus arange of downward optical profiles could be achieved with a carefulselection of light converting material and, optionally, appropriatelyshaped optical elements, e.g., lenses, micro-lenses, etc. The relativesizes of the continuous arrow and dashed arrow in FIG. 3D conveys howthe ratio of unmodified/modified light is weighted for the intensitydistribution 301. Namely, the foregoing ratio for the upper range of theviewer's field of view is reversed relative to the ratio towards thetask plane on the desk, which may potentially improve the viewingaesthetics or preferences of various users.

Furthermore, additional light modifying elements, such as the onesdisclosed below, can also be incorporated into the optical extractor340-a or the optical extractor 340-b of the illumination device 300 tomodify shape and orientation of the lobes 345 a, 345 b of unmodifiedlight relative to each other and to shape and orientation of the lobe345 c of modified light.

(iv) Illumination Device that includes an Optical Extractor with aRedirecting Surface having Light Transmitting Portions and OpticalElements Coupled with the Light Transmitting Portions to Modify anIntensity Distribution of the Transmitted Light

FIGS. 4A-4B show aspects of an illumination device 400 that includes anoptical extractor 440-k, with k={a or b}, with a redirecting surface 443having light transmitting portions and optical elements 444 coupled withthe light transmitting portions to modify an intensity distribution ofthe transmitted light. In this example, the illumination device 400 alsoincludes LEEs (not shown in FIGS. 4A-4B) and a light guide 230. As such,the illumination device 400 is referred to, interchangeably, as a lightguide luminaire module 400. Here, the illumination device 400 has anelongated configuration, e.g., with a longitudinal dimension L along they-axis, perpendicular to the page, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A or 2E. Inthis case, L can be 1′, 2′ or 4′, for instance. In otherimplementations, the illumination device 400 can have another elongatedconfiguration, as illustrated in FIGS. 2G-2H. In some otherimplementations, the illumination device 400 can have a non-elongatedconfiguration, e.g., with rotational symmetry around the z-axis, asillustrated in FIG. 2F. In some implementations, the illumination device400 also includes one or more couplers (not shown in FIGS. 4A-4B) tocollimate the light emitted by the LEEs prior to injection into thelight guide 230.

The LEEs are disposed on a substrate and have a structure similar to astructure of the LEEs 110 of the illumination device 100 described abovein connection with FIG. 1A or a structure of the LEEs 210 of theluminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″, 200-h described above inconnection with FIGS. 2A-2J. Further, the optical couplers—included insome implementations of the illumination device 400—have a structuresimilar to a structure of the optical couplers 120 of the illuminationdevice 100 described above in connection with FIG. 1A or a structure ofthe optical couplers 220 of the luminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″,200′″, 200-h described above in connection with FIGS. 2A-2J.Furthermore, the light guide 230 is the same light guide of theluminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″ described above inconnection with FIGS. 2A-2H and 2J or has a structure similar to astructure of the light guide 130 of the illumination device 100described above in connection with FIG. 1A. Here, the light guide 230has a length D along the z-axis, e.g., D=10, 20, 50 cm, from a receivingend to an opposing end, and a thickness T along the x-axis that can bemuch smaller than the length D, e.g., T≈5% D, 10% D or 20% D. When partof the illumination device 400, the optical couplers are opticallycoupled to the input end of the light guide 230. In someimplementations, the optical couplers are bonded to the input end of thelight guide 230. In other implementations, the optical couplers and thelight guide 230 are integrally formed.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show respective implementations 440-a and 440-b of theoptical extractor. The optical extractor 440-a or the optical extractor440-b includes a redirecting surface 443 having a structure similar to astructure of the redirecting surface 143 of the optical extractor 140′of the illumination device 100 described above in connection with FIGS.1B-1C or the redirecting surfaces 243 of the optical extractors 240,240* of the luminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″, 200-hdescribed above in connection with FIGS. 2A-2J. Here, the redirectingsurface 443 of the optical extractor 440-a or the optical extractor440-b is configured like the redirecting surface 243 illustrated inFIGS. 2C-2D. Here, the “v-groove” redirecting surface 443 is coated witha reflective (metallic or dielectric) film and each of the two sides(which, in FIG. 2C-2D, are labeled 242 and 244 and meet at an apex 241)of the redirecting surface 443 has one or more transmissive portionslocated on the side. The transmissive portions of the redirectingsurface 443 of either the optical extractor 440-a or the opticalextractor 440-b represent a slot, a void or an opening in the reflectivefilm that coats the redirecting surface. In this manner, thetransmissive portions transmit substantially all light impingingthereon, except for a small fraction of the impinging light, e.g., 4% orless, that is reflected via Fresnel reflection, for instance.

The optical extractor 440-a or the optical extractor 440-b also includeslight modifying elements 444 that are optically coupled with the lighttransmitting portions of the redirecting surface 443. Here, the lightmodifying elements 444 are configured to modify an intensitydistribution of the light transmitted through the transmissive portionsof the redirecting surface 443.

In some implementations shown in FIG. 4A, the light modifying elements444 include elastic scattering centers arranged in a particular patternto scatter in a controlled way that light propagating through the lightmodifying elements 444. In some cases, the particular pattern is a 2Dpattern of elastic scattering centers disposed on a surface of the lighttransmitting portions of the redirecting surface 443. In other cases,the particular pattern is a 3D pattern of elastic scattering centersdisposed within a matrix of transparent material, where the matrix isattached to the surface of the light transmitting portions of theredirecting surface 443. FIG. 4A shows a redirecting surface 443 havingN transmissive portions distributed along a transverse direction of theoptical extractor 440-a from the intersection of the redirecting surface443 with the curved output surface 248 to the apex of thev-groove-shaped redirecting surface 443. Here, N light modifyingelements 444-j, where j=1 . . . N, that include the patterned elasticscattering centers are connected to the N transmissive portions of theredirecting surface 443. For example, the pattern of elastic scatteringcenters can be the same for each of the N light modifying elements444-j, where j=1 . . . N. Here, each of the N light modifying elements444-j distributed across the redirecting surface 443 modifies apropagation direction and/or a divergence of light transmitting throughassociated transmissive portions in the same manner. As another example,the pattern of elastic scattering centers of at least a pair of lightmodifying elements 444-i and 444-j, where i≠j and j=1 . . . N, can bedifferent. Here, at least the pair of light modifying elements 444-i and444-j changes the propagation direction and/or the divergence of thelight transmitting through the associated transmissive portions indifferent ways.

In other implementations shown in FIG. 4B, the light modifying elements444 include lens structures, e.g., micro-lenses, Fresnel lenses, etc.,where the lens structures are attached to the surface of the lighttransmitting portions of the redirecting surface 443. FIG. 4B shows aredirecting surface 443 having N transmissive portions 4455-j, where j=1. . . N, distributed along a transverse direction of the opticalextractor 440-b from the intersection of the redirecting surface 443with the curved output surface 248 to the apex of the v-groove-shapedredirecting surface 443. Here, N micro-lenses 444-j are connected to theN transmissive portions 4455-j of the redirecting surface 443. Forexample, a focal length F-j can be the same for each of the Nmicro-lenses 444-j, where j=1 . . . N. Here, each of the N micro-lenses444-j distributed across the redirecting surface 443 changes apropagation direction and/or a divergence of light transmitting throughassociated transmissive portions 4455-j in the same manner. As anotherexample, the focal lengths F-i and F-j of at least a pair ofmicro-lenses 444-i and 444-j, where i≠j and j=1 . . . N, can bedifferent. Here, at least the pair of micro-lenses 444-i and 444-jchanges the propagation direction and/or the divergence of the lighttransmitting through the associated transmissive portions 4455-j indifferent ways.

In some other implementations, the light modifying elements 444 includecombinations of a pattern of elastic scattering centers and lensstructures. For example, a matrix of transparent material that includeselastic scattering centers arranged in a particular 3D pattern tocontrollably scatter the light propagating through the pattern has firstand second surfaces. The first surface of the matrix is attached to thesurface of the light transmitting portions of the redirecting surface443, and a micro-lens is attached to the second surface of the matrix.In this manner, the light transmitted through the transmissive portionsis first controllably scattered by the particular pattern of elasticscattering centers and it is then further focused/defocused by themicro-lens.

In either of these implementations, each of the N modifying elements444-j outputs modified light in a segment angular range 145′″-j, wherej=1 . . . N. The forward angular range 145′″ output by the opticalextractor 440-a or the optical extractor 440-b is a composite angularrange formed from the N segment angular ranges 145′″-j, where j=1 . . .N. Near-field distributions of the flux Φ145′″ or peak-intensity θ145′corresponding to all N segment angular ranges 145′″-j, where j=1 . . .N, across the transverse dimension (e.g., along the x-axis) of theoptical extractor 440-a or the optical extractor 440-b, are representedin FIGS. 1D and 1E. A superposition of the near-field distributions ofthe flux Φ145′″ or peak-intensity θ145′ corresponding to all N segmentangular ranges 145′″-j determines the shape and orientation of theforward output lobe 145 c of the far-field intensity distribution 101illustrated in FIG. 1F.

In this manner, the optical extractor 440-a or the optical extractor440-b outputs, into the ambient environment, light—reflected by portionsof the redirecting surface 443 outside the transmissive portions—in oneor more backward angular ranges 145′ and 145″. Additionally, the lighthaving light intensity (propagation direction and/or divergence)modified by the light modifying elements 444 coupled with thetransmissive portions of the redirecting surface 443 is output by theoptical extractor 440-a or the optical extractor 440-b within a forwardoutput angular range 145′″. Here, propagation directions of theunmodified light in the backward angular ranges 145′, 145″ havecomponents that are antiparallel to the forward direction (e.g., thez-axis) and a propagation direction of the modified light in the forwardangular range 145′″ has a component parallel to the forward direction.Moreover, the propagation directions of the unmodified light in thebackward angular ranges 145′ and 145″ have respective componentsorthogonal to the forward direction that are opposite (antiparallel) toeach other (antiparallel and parallel to the x-axis.)

(v) Light Guide Illumination Device that includes an Optical Extractorwith a Redirecting Surface having Light Transmitting Portions such thatAdjacent Transmitting Portions are Configured Differently

FIG. 5 shows an example of an illumination device 500 that includes anoptical extractor 540 with a redirecting surface 543 having lighttransmitting portions 5455-i, i=1 . . . N, such that adjacenttransmitting portions 5455-i and 5455-(i+1) are configured differently.In this example, the illumination device 500 also includes LEEs (notshown in FIG. 5) and a light guide 230. As such, the illumination device500 is referred to, interchangeably, as a light guide luminaire module500. Here, the illumination device 500 has an elongated configuration,e.g., with a longitudinal dimension L along the y-axis, perpendicular tothe page, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A or 2E. In this case, L can be 1′,2′ or 4′, for instance. In other implementations, the illuminationdevice 500 can have another elongated configuration, as illustrated inFIGS. 2G-2H. In some other implementations, the illumination device 500can have a non-elongated configuration, e.g., with rotational symmetryaround the z-axis, as illustrated in FIG. 2F. In some implementations,the illumination device 500 also includes one or more couplers (notshown in FIG. 5) to collimate the light emitted by the LEEs prior toinjection into the light guide 230.

The LEEs are disposed on a substrate and have a structure similar to astructure of the LEEs 110 of the illumination device 100 described abovein connection with FIG. 1A or a structure of the LEEs 210 of theluminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″, 200-h described above inconnection with FIGS. 2A-2J. Further, the optical couplers—included insome implementations of the illumination device 300—have a structuresimilar to a structure of the optical couplers 120 of the illuminationdevice 100 described above in connection with FIG. 1A or a structure ofthe optical couplers 220 of the luminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″,200′″, 200-h described above in connection with FIGS. 2A-2J.Furthermore, the light guide 230 is the same light guide of theluminaire modules 200, 200*, 200′, 200″, 200′″ described above inconnection with FIGS. 2A-2H and 2J or has a structure similar to astructure of the light guide 130 of the illumination device 100described above in connection with FIG. 1A. Here, the light guide 230has a length D along the z-axis, e.g., D=10, 20, 50 cm, from a receivingend to an opposing end, and a thickness T along the x-axis that can bemuch smaller than the length D, e.g., T≈5% D, 10% D or 20% D. When partof the illumination device 500, the optical couplers are opticallycoupled to the input end of the light guide 230. In someimplementations, the optical couplers are bonded to the input end of thelight guide 230. In other implementations, the optical couplers and thelight guide 230 are integrally formed.

The optical extractor 540 includes a redirecting surface 543 that isv-grooved. The v-groove profile of the redirecting surface 543 includestwo sides that intersect at an apex 541. Only one of the two sides ofthe redirecting surface 543 is shown in FIG. 5, the one extending fromthe apex 541 to the intersection of the redirecting surface 543 with thecurved output surface 246. The other side of the redirecting surface 543is disposed on the opposite side of an optical axis that passes throughthe apex along the z-axis. In some implementations, the two sides of theredirecting surface 543 are symmetric. In other implementations, the twosides of the redirecting surface 543 are asymmetric.

Moreover, the redirecting surface 543 is coated with a reflective(metallic or dielectric) and has N transmissive portions 5455-i, wherei=1 . . . N, distributed across the transverse dimension (along thex-axis) of the extractor 540. Each of the transmissive portions 5455-iof the redirecting surface 543 represent a slot, a void or an opening inthe reflective film that coats the redirecting surface 543. In thismanner, the transmissive portions transmit substantially all lightimpinging thereon, except for a small fraction of the impinging light,e.g., 4% or less, that is reflected via Fresnel reflection, forinstance. In this manner, the redirecting surface 543 includes Mreflective portions 543-j, where j=1 . . . M and M={N−1, N or N+1},distributed across the transverse dimension (along the x-axis) of theextractor 540. A pair of adjacent reflective portions 543-(j−1) and543-j are separated by a transmissive portion 5455-i, or equivalently, apair of adjacent transmissive portions 5455-i and 5455-(i+1) isseparated by a reflective portion 543-j.

In some implementations, at least a pair of adjacent transmissiveportions 5455-i and 5455-(i+1) are arranged and/or shaped differently.For example, each of the adjacent transmissive portions 5455-i and5455-(i+1) of a pair can be flat and non-parallel (tilted relative oneanother.) As another example, a transmissive portion 5455-i is flat andthe adjacent transmissive portion 5455-(i+1) is curved. As yet anotherexample, a transmissive portion 5455-i has a first curvature and theadjacent transmissive portion 5455-(i+1) has a different curvature.Here, the adjacent transmissive portions 5455-i and 5455-(i+1) that arearranged and/or shaped differently are formed on different facets of theredirecting surface 543 of the optical extractor 540. Moreover, each ofthe N transmissive portions 5455-i transmits into the ambientenvironment light in a segment angular range 145′″-i, where i=1 . . . N.The forward angular range 145′″ output by the optical extractor 540 is acomposite angular range formed from the N segment angular ranges145′″-i, where i=1 . . . N. Near-field distributions of the flux Φ145′″or peak-intensity θ145′ corresponding to all N segment angular ranges145′″-i, where i=1 . . . N, across the transverse dimension (e.g., alongthe x-axis) of the optical extractor 540, are represented in FIGS. 1Dand 1E. A superposition of the near-field distributions of the fluxΦ145′″ or peak-intensity θ145′ corresponding to all N segment angularranges 145′″-i advantageously determines the shape and orientation ofthe forward output lobe 145 c of the far-field intensity distribution101 illustrated in FIG. 1F.

In some implementations, at least a pair of adjacent reflective portions543-(j−1) and 543-j are arranged and shaped differently. For example,each of the adjacent reflective portions 543-(j−1) and 543-j of a paircan be flat and non-parallel (tilted relative one another.) As anotherexample, a reflective portion 543-(j−1) is flat and the adjacentreflective portion 543-j is curved. As yet another example, a reflectiveportion 543-(j−1) has a first curvature and the adjacent reflectiveportion 543-j has a different curvature. Here, the adjacent reflectiveportions 543-(j−1) and 543-j that are arranged and/or shaped differentlyare formed on different facets of the redirecting surface 543 of theoptical extractor 540. Moreover, each of the M reflective portions 543-jreflects back into the optical extractor 540 light in a segment angularrange 138″-j, where i=1 . . . M. The light reflected in the segmentangular range 138″-j is transmitted into the ambient environment in asegment angular range 145″-j, where j=1 . . . M. The backward angularrange 145″ output by the optical extractor 540 is a composite angularrange formed from the M segment angular ranges 145″-j, where j=1 . . .M. Near-field distributions of the flux or peak-intensity correspondingto all M segment angular ranges 145″-j, where j=1 . . . M, across thetransverse dimension (e.g., along the x-axis) of the optical extractor540, can be represented like in FIGS. 1D and 1E. A superposition of thenear-field distributions of the flux or peak-intensity corresponding toall M segment angular ranges 145″-j advantageously determines the shapeand orientation of the backward output lobe 145 b of the far-fieldintensity distribution 101 illustrated in FIG. 1F.

In some implementations, at least a pair of adjacent transmissiveportions 5455-i and 5455-(i+1) are arranged and/or shaped differentlyand at least a pair of adjacent reflective portions 543-(j−1) and 543-jare arranged and/or shaped differently. In this case, the pair ofadjacent transmissive portions 5455-i and 5455-(i+1) that are arrangedand/or shaped does not necessarily need to be separated by one of theadjacent reflective portions 543-(j−1) and 543-j that are arrangedand/or shaped differently.

In this manner, the optical extractor 540 outputs, into the ambientenvironment, light—reflected backward by the reflecting portions 543-j,j=1 . . . M, of the redirecting surface 543—in one or more backwardangular ranges 145″ and 145′. Additionally, the light transmittedforward through the transmissive portions 5455-i, i=1 . . . N, of theredirecting surface 543 is output by the optical extractor 540 within aforward output angular range 145′″. Here, propagation directions of thelight in the backward angular ranges 145′, 145″ have components that areantiparallel to the forward direction (e.g., the z-axis) and apropagation direction of the light in the forward angular range 145′″has a component parallel to the forward direction. Moreover, thepropagation directions of the light in the backward angular ranges 145′and 145″ have respective components orthogonal to the forward directionthat are opposite (antiparallel) to each other (antiparallel andparallel to the x-axis.)

An important aspect of the structured redirecting surface 543 is that itcan be configured to manipulate the visible luminance of the opticalextractor 540 in the field of view by directing some parts of theemission away from direct fields of view. This ability to discretize theemission from the optical extractor 540 can enable even greater controlof the luminous intensity (e.g., shown in FIGS. 1D-1E) and far fieldluminous intensity (e.g., shown in FIG. 1F) of the illumination device500. At least some of the transmissive portions 5455-i, i=1 . . . N, ofthe redirecting surface 543 can be arranged and shaped to transmit lightto a region below the optical extractor 540 in a manner which may beuseful for task illumination, for example. Further, at least some of thetransmissive portions 5455-i, i=1 . . . N, arranged and shaped to outputlight for task illumination can be further structured, e.g., withprecise diffusing properties, to further customize the segment angularrange 145′″-i associated with the structured transmissive surfaces.

The preceding FIGs. and accompanying description illustrate examplemethods, systems and devices for illumination. It will be understoodthat these methods, systems, and devices are for illustration purposesonly and that the described or similar techniques may be performed atany appropriate time, including concurrently, individually, or incombination. In addition, many of the steps in these processes may takeplace simultaneously, concurrently, and/or in different orders than asshown. Moreover, the described methods/devices may use additionalsteps/parts, fewer steps/parts, and/or different steps/parts, as long asthe methods/devices remain appropriate.

In other words, although this disclosure has been described in terms ofcertain aspects or implementations and generally associated methods,alterations and permutations of these aspects or implementations will beapparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the above descriptionof example implementations does not define or constrain this disclosure.Further implementations are described in the following claims.

1-2. (canceled)
 3. The illumination device of claim 22, wherein thelight transmitted through the transmissive portions has a first spectraldistribution, and the one or more optical elements comprise inelasticscattering elements configured to modify the first spectral distributionof the transmitted light such that the output modified light has asecond spectral distribution different from the first spectraldistribution.
 4. The illumination device of claim 3, wherein the secondspectral distribution has a larger weight at longer wavelengths than thefirst spectral distribution.
 5. The illumination device of claim 22,wherein the one or more optical elements comprise elastic scatteringelements.
 6. The illumination device of claim 22, wherein the one ormore optical elements comprise lenses.
 7. The illumination device ofclaim 22, wherein the transmissive portions of the redirecting surfaceare arranged perpendicular to the forward direction, and the opticalelements are identical, such that each optical element modifies apropagation direction and a divergence of the output modified light inthe same manner.
 8. The illumination device of claim 22, wherein thetransmissive portions of the redirecting surface are arrangedperpendicular to the forward direction, and the optical elements aredifferent from each other, such that each optical element modifies atleast an associated propagation direction or an associated divergence ofthe output modified light in a different manner relative to adjacentoptical elements.
 9. The illumination device of claim 22, wherein theredirecting surface is coated with a film of reflective material, andthe transmissive portions of the redirecting surface are apertures inthe film of reflective material.
 10. The illumination device of claim 9,wherein the one or more optical elements are at least partially recessedinto the one or more apertures.
 11. The illumination device of claim 22,wherein the one or more optical elements are disposed adjacent the oneor more transmissive portions of the redirecting surface.
 12. Theillumination device of claim 22, wherein the redirecting surfacereflects the first portion of the guided light via TIR and the one ormore optical elements are configured to frustrate TIR to form thetransmissive portions.
 13. The illumination device of claim 11, whereincorresponding one or more optical elements are bonded to thetransmissive portions of the redirecting surface.
 14. The illuminationdevice of claim 22, wherein the optical extractor comprises a curvedoutput surface arranged to transmit the light reflected by theredirecting surface to the ambient in the backward angular range. 15.The illumination device of claim 14, wherein the redirecting surfacereflects the first portion of the guided light in a first angular rangehaving a direction with a component antiparallel to the forwarddirection and a first component orthogonal to the forward direction. 16.The illumination device of claim 15, wherein a second portion of theredirecting surface is arranged and shaped to reflect guided light in asecond angular range having a direction with a component antiparallel tothe forward direction and antiparallel to the first component of thefirst angular range.
 17. The illumination device of claim 16, whereinthe optical extractor further comprises a second curved output surfaceto transmit the light reflected by the second portion of the redirectingsurface to the ambient environment in another backward angular range.18. The illumination device of claim 17, wherein the transmissiveportions of the redirecting surface are distributed perpendicular to thedirection of the first angular range.
 19. The illumination device ofclaim 22, wherein the light guide and the optical extractor are bondedtogether or integrally formed.
 20. The illumination device of claim 22,wherein the light guide and/or the optical extractor are formed from atransparent, solid material.
 21. (canceled)
 22. An illumination devicecomprising: a plurality of light-emitting elements (LEEs); one or moreoptical couplers, wherein the light provided by the LEEs is in anemission angular range; a light guide extending in a forward directionfrom a first end of the light guide to a second end of the light guide,wherein the optical couplers are arranged to receive the light providedby the LEEs and redirect it to the first end of the light guide where ithas a collimated angular range when it is received by the light guide,and wherein the light guide is configured to guide the received light tothe second end; an optical extractor optically coupled to the lightguide at the second end to receive the guided light, the opticalextractor comprising a redirecting surface to reflect a first portion ofthe guided light, wherein the reflected light is output by the opticalextractor to the ambient environment in a backward angular range, andwherein the redirecting surface has one or more transmissive portions totransmit a second portion of the guided light in the forward direction;and one or more optical elements optically coupled to the one or moretransmissive portions of the redirecting surface, the one or moreoptical elements to modify the light transmitted through thetransmissive portions and to output the modified light to the ambientenvironment in a forward angular range.
 23. The illumination device ofclaim 22, a numerical aperture of the light guide is such that the lightreceived from the optical couplers in the collimated angular range canbe guided by the light guide through TIR.
 24. The illumination device ofclaim 22, wherein the light guide has two parallel side surfaces.
 25. Anillumination device comprising: a plurality of light-emitting elements(LEEs); one or more optical couplers extending in a forward direction,the optical couplers positioned to receive light emitted by the LEEs andconfigured to collimate the received light such that the collimatedlight provided by the one or more optical couplers has a firstdivergence; an optical extractor spaced apart from the one or moreoptical couplers at a first distance, wherein a combination of the firstdivergence and the first distance is configured such that the opticalextractor receives all the collimated light, the optical extractorcomprising a redirecting surface to reflect a first portion of thecollimated light to the ambient environment in a backward angular range,wherein the redirecting surface has one or more transmissive portions totransmit a second portion of the collimated light in the forwarddirection; and one or more optical elements optically coupled to the oneor more transmissive portions of the redirecting surface, the one ormore optical elements to modify the light transmitted through thetransmissive portions and to output the modified light to the ambientenvironment in a forward angular range.
 26. The illumination device ofclaim 25, wherein each of the one or more couplers has a side surfaceextending between an input aperture and an exit aperture, and isconfigured to collimate the received light via TIR at the side surface.27. The illumination device of claim 22 extends orthogonally to theforward direction.
 28. The illumination device of claim 27, wherein theLEEs are arranged orthogonally to the forward direction.
 29. Theillumination device of claim 22, wherein the LEEs are LEDs that emitwhite light.
 30. (canceled)
 31. The illumination device of claim 37,wherein the reflective surfaces are portions of an interface between theoptical extractor and the ambient environment that are coated with afilm of reflective material, and the transmissive surfaces are remainingportions of the interface between the optical extractor and the ambientenvironment that are uncoated.
 32. The illumination device of claim 37,wherein at least one of the transmissive surfaces is flat.
 33. Theillumination device of claim 37, wherein at least one of thetransmissive surfaces is curved.
 34. The illumination device of claim37, wherein adjacent transmissive and reflective surfaces intersect withcommon surface slope.
 35. (canceled)
 36. The illumination device ofclaim 37, wherein the optical extractor further comprises a second setof reflective surfaces to reflect guided light in a second angular rangewith a component antiparallel to the forward direction and antiparallelto the first component of the first angular range, and the opticalextractor further comprises a second curved output surface to transmitthe light reflected by the second set of reflective surfaces to theambient environment in another backward angular range.
 37. Anillumination device comprising: a plurality of light-emitting elements(LEES); a light guide extending in a forward direction from a first endof the light guide to a second end of the light guide, the light guidebeing positioned to receive at the first end light emitted by the LEEsand configured to guide the received light to the second end via totalinternal reflection (TIR); and an optical extractor optically coupled tothe light guide at the second end to receive the guided light, theoptical extractor being formed from a transparent, solid material andcomprising: a first set of reflective surfaces to reflect a firstportion of the guided light, wherein the first set of reflectivesurfaces reflect guided light in a first angular range with a componentantiparallel to the forward direction and a first component orthogonalto the forward direction, a first set of transmissive surfaces totransmit a second portion of the guided light to an ambient environmentin the forward direction, the reflective surfaces being separated by thetransmissive surfaces, wherein the transmissive surfaces are distributedlaterally perpendicular to the direction of the first angular range, anda curved output surface arranged to transmit the light reflected by thereflective surfaces to the ambient environment in a backward direction,wherein the transmissive surfaces are shaped such that each transmissivesurface modifies at least an associated propagation direction or anassociated divergence of the forward transmitted light in a differentmanner relative to adjacent transmissive surfaces.
 38. The illuminationdevice of claim 37, wherein the light guide and the optical extractorare bonded together or integrally formed.
 39. The illumination device ofclaim 37 further comprising one or more optical couplers, wherein thelight provided by the LEEs is in an emission angular range, the opticalcouplers are arranged to receive the light provided by the LEEs andredirect it to the first end of the light guide where it has acollimated angular range, and a numerical aperture of the light guide issuch that the light received from the optical couplers in the collimatedangular range can be guided by the light guide through TIR.
 40. Theillumination device of claim 37, wherein the light guide has twoparallel side surfaces.
 41. The illumination device of claim 37 extendsorthogonally to the forward direction.
 42. The illumination device ofclaim 41, wherein the LEEs are arranged orthogonally to the forwarddirection.
 43. The illumination device of claim 37, wherein the LEEs areLEDs that emit white light.
 44. The illumination device of claim 25,wherein the light transmitted through the transmissive portions has afirst spectral distribution, and the one or more optical elementscomprise inelastic scattering elements configured to modify the firstspectral distribution of the transmitted light such that the outputmodified light has a second spectral distribution different from thefirst spectral distribution.
 45. The illumination device of claim 44,wherein the second spectral distribution has a larger weight at longerwavelengths than the first spectral distribution.
 46. The illuminationdevice of claim 25, wherein the one or more optical elements compriseelastic scattering elements.
 47. The illumination device of claim 25,wherein the one or more optical elements comprise lenses.
 48. Theillumination device of claim 25, wherein the transmissive portions ofthe redirecting surface are arranged perpendicular to the forwarddirection, and the optical elements are identical, such that eachoptical element modifies a propagation direction and a divergence of theoutput modified light in the same manner.
 49. The illumination device ofclaim 25, wherein the transmissive portions of the redirecting surfaceare arranged perpendicular to the forward direction, and the opticalelements are different from each other, such that each optical elementmodifies at least an associated propagation direction or an associateddivergence of the output modified light in a different manner relativeto adjacent optical elements.
 50. The illumination device of claim 25,wherein the redirecting surface is coated with a film of reflectivematerial, and the transmissive portions of the redirecting surface areapertures in the film of reflective material.
 51. The illuminationdevice of claim 50, wherein the one or more optical elements are atleast partially recessed into the one or more apertures.
 52. Theillumination device of claim 25, wherein the one or more opticalelements are disposed adjacent the one or more transmissive portions ofthe redirecting surface.
 53. The illumination device of claim 25,wherein the redirecting surface reflects the first portion of thecollimated light in a first angular range having a direction with acomponent antiparallel to the forward direction and a first componentorthogonal to the forward direction.
 54. The illumination device ofclaim 53, wherein a second portion of the redirecting surface isarranged and shaped to reflect collimated light in a second angularrange having a direction with a component antiparallel to the forwarddirection and antiparallel to the first component of the first angularrange.
 55. The illumination device of claim 54, wherein the transmissiveportions of the redirecting surface are distributed perpendicular to thedirection of the first angular range.
 56. The illumination device ofclaim 25 extends orthogonally to the forward direction.
 57. Theillumination device of claim 56, wherein the LEEs are arrangedorthogonally to the forward direction.
 58. The illumination device ofclaim 25, wherein the LEEs are LEDs that emit white light.